ACTIVITIES THAT

AFFECT THE QUALITY

AND AVAILABILITY OF
WATER
 We live on a blue planet where
water circulates through the water
cycle in its different states,
as water vapor, liquid water, and
ice.
The freshwater in our
world is found in three
main places
Atmospheric water
• water exists as a gas (water vapor
from evaporation), as a liquid
(droplets of rain and liquid water
that coats solid particles), and as a
solid (snow and ice).
Surface water
• Is any body of water above
ground, including streams,
rivers, lakes, wetlands,
reservoirs, and creeks.
Ground water
• In the cracks and spaces of
soil, sand, and rocks
underground, generally
adequate and of high quality
that does not require treatment
for human use.
Despite the seeming
abundance of water on Earth,
freshwater availability is less
than 2.5 percent of the
world’s water supply.
 Ice and snow
70% cover in
mountainous regions.
Only a small fraction
of this easily
accessible freshwater
2.5% 29.7% Groundwater
can be used to meet
Less than 2.5
percent of the world’s
water is freshwater. the drinking water
0.3% Freshwater lakes needs of the world’s
and rivers.
7.4 billion people.
Of this percentage, less than one
third is easily accessible from
surface water bodies like lakes
and rivers and from the
underground stored in aquifers.
This leaves us with less than 1%
available for water, sanitation and
hygiene needs.
Human
Impacts on
Freshwater
Direct and
Indirect Water
Uses
 2 categories of water use:

Direct
• Use of actual water in activities
like hand washing, drinking,
cooking, bathing,
cleaning and many more.
 2 categories of water use:

Indirect
• virtual water used to produce or
process a commodity,
commercial goods or service.
Just as there are direct and
indirect water usages, there
are also direct and indirect
drivers that change water
resource ecosystems.
A direct driver clearly impacts
ecosystem processes
while an indirect driver works
by influencing one or more
direct drivers.
Direct drivers
• are physical and biological
factors that include climate
change, land conversion,
plant nutrient use, and the
onset of diseases and
invasive species.
Indirect drivers
• a driver that operates by
altering the level or rate of
change of one or more direct
drivers.
Effects of Human
Activities on the
Interaction of
Ground Water and
Surface Water
AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
• Agriculture has been the cause of significant modification of
landscapes throughout the world. Tillage of land changes the
infiltration and runoff characteristics of the land surface,
which affects recharge to ground water, delivery of water
and sediment to surface water bodies, and
evapotranspiration.
TWO ACTIVITIES
RELATED TO
AGRICULTURE
 Irrigation Systems
• Irrigation systems represent some of the
largest integrated engineering works
undertaken by humans.
• Crops are irrigated by several
methods: flooding an entire
field, channeling water
between rows of plants,
spraying water through large
sprinklers,
 Irrigation Systems
• Irrigation systems represent some of the
largest integrated engineering works
undertaken by humans.
• Crops are irrigated by several
methods: flooding an entire
field, channeling water
between rows of plants,
spraying water through large
sprinklers,
 Use of
Agricultural
Chemicals
• Applications of pesticides and fertilizers
to cropland can
result in significant
additions of contaminants
to water resources.
• These compounds are less
likely to cause contamination
of ground water.
 Use of
Agricultural
Chemicals
• Applications of pesticides and fertilizers
to cropland can
result in significant
additions of contaminants
to water resources.
• These compounds are less
likely to cause contamination
of ground water.
URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
• Point sources of contamination to
surface water bodies are an expected
side effect of urban development.
EXAMPLES
OF POINT SOURCES
 EXAMPLES
OF POINT SOURCES
• DISCHARGES FROM
SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS
 EXAMPLES
OF POINT SOURCES
• DISCHARGES FROM
SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS

• INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
 EXAMPLES
OF POINT SOURCES
• DISCHARGES FROM
SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS
• STORMWATER DRAINS
• INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
These facilities and structures
commonly add sufficient loads of
a variety of contaminants to
streams to strongly affect the
quality of the stream for long
distances downstream.
POINT SOURCES OF
CONTAMINATION
TO GROUND WATER
POINT SOURCES OF
CONTAMINATION
TO GROUND WATER
• Septic Tanks
POINT SOURCES OF
CONTAMINATION
TO GROUND WATER
• Septic Tanks • Fluid Storage Tanks
POINT SOURCES OF
CONTAMINATION
TO GROUND WATER
• Septic Tanks • Fluid Storage Tanks

• Landfills
POINT SOURCES OF
CONTAMINATION
TO GROUND WATER
• Septic Tanks • Fluid Storage Tanks

• Landfills • Industrial Lagoons

DRAINAGE OF
THE LAND SURFACE
• Drainage can be accomplished by
constructing open ditches or by
burying tile drains beneath the land
surface.
DRAINAGE OF THE LAND SURFACE
Drainage of the land surface is
common in regions having
extensive wetlands, such as
coastal, riverine, and some glacial-
lake landscapes.
MODIFICATIONS
TO RIVER VALLEYS
Construction Of Levees
Construction Of Reservoirs
Removal Of Natural Vegetation
Construction Of Levees

Levees are built along riverbanks to

protect adjacent lands from
flooding.
Construction Of Levees

These structures
commonly are very effective in
containing smaller magnitude
floods that are likely to occur
regularly from year to year.
Construction Of Reservoirs
Human-controlled reservoir
releases and accumulation of water
in storage may cause high flows
and low flows to differ
considerably in magnitude and
timing compared to natural flows.
Removal Of Natural Vegetation
To make land available for
agriculture and urban growth,
development sometimes
involves cutting of forests and
removal of riparian vegetation and
wetlands. Forests have a
significant role in the hydrologic
regime of watersheds.
Removal Of Natural Vegetation
Deforestation tends to decrease
evapotranspiration, increase storm
runoff and soil erosion, and
decrease infiltration to ground
water and base flow of streams.
QUESTIONS??
 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!!

DEX JAY NEIL S. GODITO KALE ZAIRE AUSTIN F. JUGAR