Digital Protection of

Power System
Dr. Makarand Sudhākar Ballāl
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
V.N.I.T. Nagpur

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP
Digital Signal Processing Basics

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Introduction

Signal

A traffic signal is used as an instructing device that indicates

the road user to act according to the displayed sign.

Signal : Physical quantity which changes with time or with

temperature or with frequency, etc.
ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Signal

Signal : It is a function of one or more independent variables

i.e. only time, frequency, temperature or combination of
time and frequency, time and temperature, …
Signal : Carries some information to represents physical
phenomenon.
Information
Red light on: This tells drivers to stop.
Green light on: This means the driver can start
driving or keep driving.
Yellow light on: This tells drivers to stop when
it is safe to, because the light is about to turn
red.
Signal contains some Information. Thus
it is necessary to study the signals.
ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Types of Signals
In cellular phone (Mobile Phones)
Ask for two clocks
Analog Digital

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Introduction

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 D…..S…….P……

Digital Signal Processing is an important branch of Electronics and

Telecommunication engineering that deals with the improvisation of
reliability and accuracy of the digital communication by employing
multiple techniques.

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Types of Signals
Signals are classified into the following categories:

Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals.

Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals.
Even and Odd Signals.
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals.
Energy and Power Signals.
Real and Imaginary Signals
A signal is a periodic signal if it completes a pattern within a measurable
time frame, called a period and repeats that pattern over identical
subsequent periods.

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 D…….S……P……

A signal that does not repeat itself after a specific interval of

time is called an aperiodic signal.

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Why do we need Analog to Digital Conversions ?

In the real world, most data is characterized by analog signals. In order to manipulate
the data using a microprocessor, we need to convert the analog signals to
the digital signals, so that the microprocessor will be able to read, understand and
manipulate the data.

Thus, on the one hand, all our activities are in the analog domain and on
the other hand, all the computation, control and monitoring is to be
done using the digital computer as depicted in Figure above.
ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP Implementation

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP Implementation

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP Implementation

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP Implementation

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP Implementation

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP Signal Processing Chain

The digital relays or computers, with which we are going to process the power system
signals, only understands digital signals.
Hence, we must first convert the analog signal into digital signal using a subsystem
known as analog to digital converter (ADC).

These digital signals are stored as

numbers representing the
instantaneous values of various
voltages and currents.

The digital signal processing sub-system

essentially works on these numbers
using a mathematical procedure or
algorithm and produces a digital
output.
ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 DSP Signal Processing Chain

In the digital relaying field we are not interested in getting back the
signal in analog form s like processing of audio signals

Hence, the DAC is absent from the digital relaying hardware. It is shown
in Figure
ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Analog to Digital Converters

ADC forms a very crucial link between the analog and the digital worlds. Therefore, the
choice of the appropriate type of ADC will decide the overall performance of the
digital relay.

ADC at a functional level

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Analog to Digital Converters

The ADC can accommodate signal between –Vm and +Vm volts and
produces an ‘N’ bit digital code corresponding to the input analog
voltage.

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
 Analog to Digital Converters

The ADC consists of a quantizer followed by an encoder (or

code converter) as shown in the block diagram .

A bipolar ADC with ‘N’ bits in the output

ballal.makarand@gmail.com
ballal.makarand@gmail.com