Foundation

of
Curriculum
Planning
ANSWER BRIEFLY

What are the difference between a

traditional classroom set-up and the
21st Century classroom set-up?

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 What is
curriculum
?
Acc. To Education Forum:
The term curriculum refers to the lessons and
academic content taught in a school or in a specific
course or program.
In dictionaries, curriculum is often defined as the
courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in
such a general sense in schools.

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Depending on how broadly educators define or employ the
term, curriculum typically refers to the knowledge and skills students are
expected to learn, which includes the learning standards or
learning objectives they are expected to meet; the units and lessons that
teachers teach; the assignments and projects given to students; the books,
materials, videos, presentations, and readings used in a course; and the
tests, assessments, and other methods used to evaluate student
learning. An individual teacher’s curriculum, for example, would be the
specific learning standards, lessons, assignments, and materials used to
organize and teach a particular course.

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 What is
planning?
Acc. To WIKIPEDIA:
● Planning is the process of thinking about the
activities required to achieve a desired goal. It is the
first and foremost activity to achieve desired results.
● It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan,
such as psychological aspects that require
conceptual skills.

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Acc. To WIKIPEDIA:
● There are even a couple of tests to measure
someone’s capability of planning well. As such,
planning is a fundamental property of intelligent
behavior. An important further meaning, often just
called "planning", is the
legal context of permitted building developments.

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Acc. To WIKIPEDIA:
● Also, planning has a specific process and is
necessary for multiple occupations (particularly in
fields such as management, business, etc.). In
each field there are different types of plans that
help companies achieve efficiency and
effectiveness.

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Acc. To WIKIPEDIA:
● Planning is one of the most important project
management and time management
techniques.
● Planning is preparing a sequence of action
steps to achieve some specific goal. A plan
is like a map.

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 Curriculum Planning
 The orderly study and improvement of schooling in the light of
objectives.
 It refers not only to a long-term development affecting many
students but to immediate actions affecting a few.
 It leads to adoption of “new” or modern educational practices.

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A. Challenges
to Curriculum
Planning

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Challenges to Curriculum
Planning:

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 B.
Theoretical
&
Conceptual
Foundation
 Foundations of Curriculum
Development
Learning Outcomes
 Its describe and determine the success of the
curriculum development
 It explains how each foundation influences the
curriculum development

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1. The School as a
Social System

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Theory & Reality

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Theory & Reality

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To seek the truth as guidance for
human being, to find ways and
means to solve problems including in
the field of education.

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● An institutional establishment to achieve certain clear
goals
● Organized as efficient as possible, blueprint-rules &
standard procedures to control behavior
● Limit of control on number of subordinates

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● There is a division of labor to attain effective level of
work standards. Administrative, academic and support
staff with clear-cut tasks & responsibilities
● Coordinative procedures carried out to facilities its
function as effective organization.
● Use human factor as media to procedure results

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● Use scientific approach to look for best practice, not
solely on norms as rule to make decisions
● Employees be trained suitably to complete tasks. On-the-
job training done to continuously keep staff competent
and relevant

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● Monetary reward given with qualification,
competence and experience
● Formal bureaucratic procedures and
responsibilities done by the administrators

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Social System Model

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Social System Model

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Social System Model

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Social System Model

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 2. The
Role
Leadership
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The Role
Leadershi
p
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Curriculum Leadership Functions at the school level:
 Develop the school’s vision of quality curriculum
 Supplement the national or divisional educational goals
 Develop the school’s own program of studies
 Develop learning-centered schedule
 Determine the nature and extent of curriculum integration
 Align the curriculum
 Monitor and assist in curriculum implementation

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Curriculum Leadership Functions at the classroom level:

 Develop yearly planning calendars for

operationalizing the curriculum
 Develop units of study
 Enrich the curriculum and remediate learning
 Evaluate the curriculum

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 3.
Philosophic
al Concept
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 A.
Determining
the Aspects of
Education
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 B. Harmonizing
Old & New
Traditions in the
Field of Education

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 C. Providing the
Educational Planners,
Administrators and
Educators w/ the
Progressive Vision to
Achieve Educational
Development

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 D. Preparing the
Young Generation
to Face the
Challenges of the
Modern Time

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 4.
Curriculum
Operation
Refers to the curriculum that is delivered by the
teachers to the students is termed as Taught
Curriculum. Teachers, being the chief implementers of
curriculum, occupy a crucial role in curriculum
decision making. Taking the students into
consideration, they decide how to achieve the intended
learning outcomes.

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 Four Key
Features Affect
the Operations
of
WantCurriculum
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 Student Instructional
Pathways Resources
Staff Curriculum
Deployment Monitoring
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Tablet project
Show and explain your web, app or
software projects using these
gadget templates.

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Tablet project
Show and explain your web, app or
software projects using these
gadget templates.

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Tablet project
Show and explain your web, app or
software projects using these
gadget templates.

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Tablet project
Show and explain your web, app or
software projects using these
gadget templates.

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 C.
Philosophica
l-
Theological
Dimensions
 Major
Philosophies
of Education
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1. Philosophical Foundation
 Educators, teachers, educational
planners and policy makers must have a
philosophy or strong belief about
education and schooling and the kind
of curriculum in the teacher’s
classrooms or learning environment.

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 Philosophical Foundation
 Philosophy of the curriculum answer
questions like:
What are schools for?
What subjects are important?
How should students learn?
What method should be used?
What outcomes should be achieved? Why?

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Philosophical Foundation
Various activities in school are influenced in one
way or another by a philosophy.
Example: John Dewey influenced the used of
“Learning by Doing” he being a pragmatist. Or
to an essentialist, the focus on the fundamentals
of reading, writing and arithmetic are essential
subject of the curriculum.

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You can insert graphs from Excel or Google Sheets
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Progressivism
 Aim: To promote democratic social living
 Role: Teacher leads growth and development of
lifelong learners
 Focus: Interdisciplinary subjects, Learners-centered
and Outcomes-Based
 Trends: Equal opportunities for all, Contextualized
Curriculum, and Humanistic Education

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Reconstruction
 Aim: To improve and reconstruct society. “Education
for Change”
 Role: Teacher acts as agent of change & reforms
 Focus: Present and future educational landscape
 Trends: School and curricular reform, Global
Education, Collaboration and Convergence, &
Standards & Competencies

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 Other
Educational
Philosophies
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2. Historical Foundation
Where is curriculum development
coming from historical
foundations will show to us the
chronological development along a
time line

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 D.
Psychologica
l
Foundations
Psychological Foundation
Psychological provides a basis to
understand the teaching and
learning process. It unifies elements
of the learning process.

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Psychological Foundation
Questions which can be answered by psychological
foundations of education are:
 How should curriculum be organized to
enhance learning?
 What is the optimal level of students’
participation in learning the various contents
of the curriculum?

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 Three Groups of Learning
Theories
● Behaviorism or association Theory
● Cognitive Information Processing Theory
● Humanistic and Phenomenological
Theory

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 Contributions/
Theories &
Principles
Associations and
Behaviorism

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 Behaviorism or association
Theory
The oldest of the groups that deals
with various aspect of stimulus-
responses (S-R) and reinforces.

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 Contributions/
Theories &
Principles
Cognitive
Information
Processing Theory
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 Cognitive Information
Processing Theory
Way the learners applies
information.

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Contributions/
Theories &
Principles
Humanistic
Psychology

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Humanistic and Phenomenological
Theory
They consider the whole child,
which includes their social,
psychological, and cognitive
development.

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Abraham Maslow
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Carl Rogers
(1902-1987)
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 E. Five
Foundation
Areas of
Curriculum
Planning
1. Social
Forces
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2. Treatment
of
Knowledge
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3. Human
Growth &
Developme
nt
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Four Main Types of Growth &
Development

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Pre-Natal Period

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Early Childhood (1-6)

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Late Childhood (6-12)

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Puberty Stage

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Adolescence (12-18)

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Early Adulthood (19-40)

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Middle Age (40-65)

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Old Age (65-to Death)

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4. Learning
As A
Process
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Thanks!
Any questions?

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