Testing of Hypothesis

Mani N
Assistant Professor of Statistics
PG & Research Department of Mathematics
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science , Coimbatore
 Population
Population is an aggregative of objects, Animate or in animate and
under study the population may be finite or infinite

Statistical Population
Statistical Population is the collection of all possible observations of a
specified characteristics of interest.
For Example:
All Indian Women's age 40 – 49
All patients suffering from a particular disease
 Sample
• Any finite Collection containing a part of the observations from the
population is called as sample.
• A finite subset of statistical individuals in a population is called as
sample and No. of individuals in a sample is called the Sample Size.
 Parameter
• Any Statistical constant which is computed by considering
each and every observation of the population is called
Parameter.
• If the Statistical constant of the population is mutually
referred to as Parameter.
For Example:
= , i. e Population Mean = Sample Mean
 Statistic
• Any Statistical constant which is computed by considering a
part of information from the population is called as Statistic.
• Statistical Measure computed from sample observations.
This is termed as statistic.
For Example:
Sample Mean= , Sample Variance = s²
 Estimator
• A statistic which is used to estimate a parameter is called as
an Estimator.
• Sample Mean is an estimator of Population Mean
• Sample variance is an estimator of population variance
• The sample median may be considered and estimator of
population mean
 Statistical Inference
• The Statistical procedure used for drawing inferences about
the population from a sample data or covered under
statistical inference.
• Statistical inference can be Broadly classified into the
following terms
• (i) Point Estimation
(ii) Interval Estimation
(iii) Testing of Hypothesis
 Testing of Hypothesis
• Making Decisions about the population on the basis of
sample information such decisions are called as Statistical
decisions or Statistical Hypothesis.
• For Example: We make to decide on the basis of sample data
whether a new drug is really effective in curing disease.
• Whether one Educational Procedure is better than another.
• Whether the given coin is biased.
 Simple and Composite Hypothesis
• Simple and Composite hypothesis , if the statistical
hypothesis specifies the population completely then, it is
termed as a Simple statistical hypothesis. Otherwise it is
called Composite statistical hypothesis.
• For Example: if x1,x2…xn be a random sample of size ‘n’ from
a normal population with mean and variance ².
Then the hypothesis H0; = , ²= ² - Simple Statistical Hypothesis
H0; > , ²= ² - Composite Statistical Hypothesis
 Null & Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: Null hypothesis is a hypothesis which is test for possible rejection
under the assumption it is true. i.e., which is clearly specifies the values of all the
parameters of the population.
• Null Hypothesis is Denoted as H0. For Example: In an Normal Population with Null
hypothesis can be written as H0 :0

Alternative Hypothesis: it is Completely or opposite statement of null hypothesis is

called Alternative hypothesis.
• Alternative Hypothesis is denoted as H1. For example In an Normal Population with
Null hypothesis can be written as H1: 0
 Errors : Type-I Error
When a Null hypothesis H0 is tested against the alternative hypothesis H1 there
arise one of the two types of error.
Type-I Error: If a Null Hypothesis H0 is rejected when it is true its known as type-I
error.
Type-I Error is denoted as , is called Level of Significance or Size of the Critical
Region.
Type-I Error = P[ x/H0] =
= P[Reject H0/H0 is True]
 Errors : Type-II Error
Type-II Error: If a Null Hypothesis H0 is accepted when it is false its known as type-II
error.
Type-II Error is denoted as .
Type-II Error = P[ x /H1] =
= P[Accept H0/H1 is True]
 Power of the Test
1- is called power of the test and it gives the probability of getting a correct decision . If
is Critical region and is the acceptance region, then the Power of the test is:
Power of the test (1- = 1- P[ x /H1] =
x2
= P[Accept H0/H0 is False]
n ()
= P[Correct Decision] Re gio
a n ce
ce pt
Ac n(
io
Reg
n
e ctio
j
Re
x1
0
 Critical Region
A critical region, also known as the rejection region, is a set of values for the test
statistic for which the null hypothesis is rejected. i.e. if the observed test statistic is in
the critical region then we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis. x2

n ()
e gio
Critical Values n ceR
e pta
• The critical value at a certain significance level can Acc n(
io
Reg
be thought of as a cut-off point. If a test statistic on tio
n
j e c
one side of the critical value results in accepting the Re
x1
null hypothesis, a test statistic on the other side 0

will result in rejecting the null hypothesis.

 References
• S C Gupta and V. K. Kapoor, “Fudamentals of Mathematical
Statististics”, Sultan Chand & Sons Educational Publishers New Delhi .