• Bronchitis: Inflammation of

the mucous membranes of

the bronchi. May present
with cough, fever, chest or
back pain, and fatigue.
Causes: Associated with
smoking, pollution, and
bacterial or viral infections.
• Emphysema: Permanent and
irreversible destruction of alveolar
walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity
and gas exchange surface.
Symptoms include shortness of breath,
difficulty exhaling, cough, weakness,
anxiety, confusion, heart failure, lung
edema (swelling), and respiratory
failure.
Causes: Smoking, pollution, old age,
and infections.
Treatment: Oxygen to help breathing.
No cure.
• Lung Cancer: Cancerous growth that invades
and destroys lung tissue. Very high fatality
rate.
Symptoms include bloody sputum, persistent
cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and
repeated attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia.
Causes: Smoking (50% of all cases) and
pollution (radon, asbestos). Smokers are 10
times more likely to develop lung cancer than
nonsmokers.
Treatment: Surgery is most effective, but only
50% of all lung cancers are operable by time of
detection. Other treatments include radiation
and chemotherapy.
Cardiovascular Disorders
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Western
countries.
• Modern research efforts have improved diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention.
• Major cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, stroke, heart
attack, aneurysm, and hypertension.
• Hemophilia is an inherited clotting
disorder due to a deficiency in a
clotting factor that produces
abnormal bleeding.
• Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the
joints; cartilage degeneration and
resorption of bone can follow.
• The most frequent cause of death is
bleeding into the brain with
accompanying neurological damage.
• Atherosclerosis is due to a
build-up of fatty material
(plaque), mainly cholesterol,
under the inner lining of
arteries.
• The plaque can cause a
thrombus (blood clot) to form.
• The thrombus can dislodge
and lead to the bursting of a
blood vessel.
• Aneurysm is a ballooning of a
blood vessel, usually in the
abdominal aorta or arteries
leading to the brain.
• Death results if the aneurysm
is in a large vessel and the
vessel bursts.
• Atherosclerosis and
hypertension weaken blood
vessels over time, increasing
the risk of aneurysm.