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CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
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atoms gain / lose / share electrons to achieve stable
electron structures (Group 0 structures)

2 (same as He)
2,8 (same as Ne)
2,8,8 (same as Ar)

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 Electron structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 1 2

2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8

3 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8

4 2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2

• Group number = number of electrons in outer shell

• Period number = number of shells containing electrons

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 Electron structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 1 2

2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

• METALS – tend to lose electrons

• NON-METALS – tend to gain / share electrons

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 METALS +
NON-METALS

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 METALS + NON-METALS

Metal atoms Non-metal atoms

electrons

+ ions – ions

Ionic compound

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na atom 2,8,1 Cl atom 2,8,7

+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na Cl
+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium Na+ ion 2,8 Cl– ion 2,8,8

+
chlorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

sodium
+
chlorine sodium chloride
NaCl
Ratio of Na+ : Cl– = 1 : 1

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 SUMMARY

Metal + Metal + Non-metal +

non-metal metal non-metal
Electrons
What happens
transferred

Particles formed Ions

Type of bonding Ionic bonding

Attraction between
What bonding is
+ and – ions

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen Mg atom 2,8,2 O atom 2,6

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

magnesium
+
Mg2+ ion 2,8 O2– ion 2,8
oxygen

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 METALS + NON-METALS

2+ 2– 2+ 2– 2+ 2–

2– 2+ 2– 2+ 2– 2+

magnesium magnesium oxide

+ MgO
oxygen Ratio of Mg2+ : O2– = 1 : 1
2+ 2– 2+ 2– 2+ 2–

2– 2+ 2– 2+ 2– 2+

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 METALS + NON-METALS

F atom 2,7

calcium
+ Ca atom 2,8,8,2
fluorine

F atom 2,7

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium
+
fluorine

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 METALS + NON-METALS

F– ion 2,8

calcium
+ Ca2+ ion 2,8,8
fluorine

F– ion 2,8

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 METALS + NON-METALS

calcium calcium fluoride

+ CaF2
fluorine Ratio of Ca2+ : F– = 1 : 2

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METALS +
METALS

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METALS + METALS

Metal atoms DO NOT react with

metal atoms because they cannot
both lose electrons

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 SUMMARY

Metal + Metal + Non-metal +

non-metal metal non-metal
Electrons
What happens No reaction
transferred

Particles formed Ions

Type of bonding Ionic bonding

Attraction between
What bonding is
+ and – ions

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NON-METALS +
NON-METALS

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

Non-metal atoms
SHARE electrons
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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
H atom 1 F atom 2,7
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen HF molecule
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen HF molecule
+
fluorine
COVALENT BOND
2 shared electrons (joining atoms together)

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
fluorine

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

H atom 1

hydrogen H atom 1 H atom 1

+ N atom 2,5
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+ NH3 molecule
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 NON-METALS + NON-METALS

hydrogen
+
nitrogen

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 SUMMARY

Metal + Metal + Non-metal +

non-metal metal non-metal
Electrons
What happens No reaction Share electrons
transferred

Particles formed Ions Molecules

Type of bonding Ionic bonding Covalent bonding

2 shared electrons
Attraction between
What bonding is holding atoms
+ and – ions
together
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1370 11-Jun-2020