Topic-1

Group-III

Adolescent Nutrition
and Growth
Maternal and Child Nutrition
 Stages of Life
How many periods or stages are in one human cycle you think? Perhaps you have three: childhood,
adulthood, and old age. Or maybe four: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Baby or Infant (birth- 1 year)

Toddler (1-3 years)

Adolescent (10-19 years)

Adult (20 & onwards)

According to the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the human life span, or the maximum length of
time possible for human life, is 130 years. Human bodies change significantly over time, and food is
the fuel for those changes. Throughout the human life cycle, the body constantly changes and goes
through different periods known as stages.
Who are adolescent?
According to WHO, The term adolescence includes persons
aged 10-19 years.

The period of gradual transition from childhood to

adulthood that normally begins with the onset of signs of
puberty.

During adolescence (ages 10–19), girls and boys begin to

interact with the world in new ways – taking chances,
learning skills and experiencing unfamiliar emotions.

There are 1.2 billion adolescents worldwide – the largest

cohort ever, and the most educated and urbanized.
 Why adolescent nutrition is important?
Adequate Nutrient
Intake
Girls require approximately 2200 kcal/
day, whereas boys require 2500-3000
kcal/day. Additional requirements in-
clude fat, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins,
and fibre. Healthy Adolescent
Diversified Diet  Reduce risk of NCDs in future
Eat a diet rich in whole grains,  Better hormone balance
fruits, vegetables, no-fat or low-fat  Cognitive development
milk products, beans, eggs, fish,  Resistance to infection
nuts, and lean meats.

Healthy Lifestyle
Healthy movement may include
walking, sports, dancing, yoga or
running. Eat a well-balanced, low-
fat diet with lots of fruits, veget-
ables, and whole grains.
 Adolescent Nutritional Status: Worldmap
Prevalence of undernutrition and over-nutrition in different part of the world

United States
About 1% of all children in the United
States suffer from chronic malnutrition.
Bangladesh
Underweight among adolescent girls (aged 10-19
year) is 19.3%.
Overweight and obesity among adolescent girls
in urban areas is13.8% and 4.6%

Ethiopia
Stunting, thinness and overweight/obesity was
22.4%,17.7% and 10.6%, respectively.

Guatemala
Adolescent girls 15–19 years 7 percent
have a body mass index < 18.5.
Why adolescence is considered a nutritionally critical period?

Adolescence is considered as a nutritionally critical period of

life because it is a time of rapid growth and development,
both physical and mental.

During this period, there are significant changes in body

composition, organ development, bone mineral density, and
hormonal balance.

Adolescents require more energy and nutrients than any

other age group except during infancy.
 Adolescent Nutritional Needs
Protein Calcium Iron
They should consume at They should aim to Iron requirement varies between
least 1.2 to 1.5 grams of consume 1,300 age and sex. sources of iron red
protein per kilogram of milligrams of calcium per meats, poultry, fish, beans,
body weight per day. day. vegetables, fortified cereals etc.

Carbohydrates Healthy Fats Vitamins and Minerals Adolescent

Adolescents should aim Eating a variety of fruits, Nutritional Needs
Such as omega-3 fatty
to get most of their acids, are essential for vegetables, whole grains, lean
carbohydrates from brain development and proteins, and low-fat dairy products
whole grains, fruits, and functions. can help ensure adequate intake of
vegetables. these essential nutrients.
 RDA for Adolescent
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient
requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets
for individuals.
Nutrients Female Male
11-14 yr. 15-18 yr. 11-14 yr. 15-18 yr.
Energy (kcal) 2200 2200 2500 3000
Protein (g) 46 44 45 59
Calcium (mg) 1200 1200 1200 1200
Iron (mg) 15 15 12 12
Zinc (mg) 12 12 15 15
Vitamin A (μg RE) 800 1000 800 1000
Vitamin D (μg) 10 10 10 10
Vitamin C (mg) 50 60 50 60
Folic acid (mcg) 150 180 150 200
Healthy Eating Tips for Adolescent
What to eat?

Oils and
spreads
Beans and
pulses, fish, Dairy and
eggs, meat
and other alternatives
proteins Starchy
foods, such
as potatoes,
bread, rice
Fruit and
vegetables
 Myplate
Myplate has 5 food groups
Any fruit or 100% fruit Milk products and many foods
juice counts as part of made from milk are considered
the fruit group. part of this food group.

Foods that are made from

Vegetables, includes dark wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal,
green, red, and orange barley, or another cereal grain
vegetables, legumes (peas are grain products.
and beans), and starchy
vegetables.
Go lean on protein.
Choose low-fat or lean
meats and poultry.

The MyPlate icon is a guideline to help adolescent eat a healthy diet. MyPlate can help adolescent eat a
variety of foods while encouraging the right amount of calories and fat. The USDA and the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services have prepared the following food plate to guide parents in
selecting foods for children ages 1 and older.
Risk Factors of Adolescent Malnutrition
Acute disease such
diarrhea, anemia,
infection, cold,
fever
Chronic disease
such as cancer,
hypertension, CKD
etc.

Depression,
anxiety, stress

Impaired brain
development,
childhood
undernutrition

H
W

IG
Risk Factors

LO

H
Impact of teenage pregnancy!!!
Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia

Preterm Premature

Maternal Anemia

Sexually Transmitted Disease

Preterm birth

Low Birth Weight Increased Maternal Mortality

Low Apgar Score

Still birth/Neonatal Mortality

 Nutritional Assessment of Adolescent
To assess nutritional status of adolescent, the following chronology can
be followed:

Fundamental to all nutritional assessments is the evaluation of dietary intake. Both

qualitative and quantitative data are useful.

The second aspect of the nutritional evaluation of adolescents is the medical

history and clinical assessment.

The anthropometric measurements are the third aspect of the evaluation e.g.,
measurement of height and weight.

Depending on the purposes, the laboratory evaluation can be done at various

levels.
The general approach for nutritional assessment of adolescents is
indicated in Table 1.
Table 1: Level of Nutritional Assessment in Adolescent.
Level of Approach Dietary Clinical Anthropometry Laboratory
1. Frequency of use of 1. Previous diseases 1. Height 1. Urine, protein and
food groups and allergies 2. Weight sugar
2. Habits-patterns 2. Abbreviated system 2. Hemoglobin
Minimal 3. Snacks review
4. Socioeconomic 3. Family history
status

1. Above 1. Above in more details 1. Above 1. Above

2. Qualitative 2. Arm circumference 2. Serum albumin
Mid-level estimates 3. Skinfold thickness 3. Serum iron and TIBC
3. 24-hour recall 4. External appearance

1. Above 1. Above 1. Above 1. Above

In-Depth level 2. Quantitative 2. Per ICCND Manual 2. Blood test: folate and
estimates by recall 3. X-ray of wrist and vitamin C
(3-7 days) bone density 3. Urine: creatinine,
nitrogen, zinc
Strategies to Prevent Adolescent Malnutrition
The period from age 5 to 19 – is a second window of opportunity for growth, psychosocial
development, and establishing lifelong dietary and lifestyle habits.

The prevention of malnutrition in adolescents is an opportunity to:

Reduce Increase
Enhance Decrease
Improve depression,
growth and
learning
prevalence of
stress and
resistance to
development NCDs infection
anxiety
Programmes that can be taken to prevent all forms of
malnutrition in adolescents:

Supporting nutrition education in school curricula.

Improving the quality of children’s diets in schools and

beyond.

Promoting healthy food environments in schools and beyond.

Promoting healthy dietary practices.

Providing micronutrient supplementation and deworming.

[Source: UNICEF]
Six prioritized interventions for Bangladeshi Adolescent:
1. Deworming
-Increase absorption of
nutrients
-Increase immunity
-Increase school attendance
2. Iron-folic acid 3. Multiple
(IFA) micronutrient
supplements supplements
-Reduce the risk of anemia
-Increase immunity
-Increase level of hemoglobin
-Brain development
-Improved health
-Improve learning

4. School-based 6. Education and

5. Mid-day meals livelihood training
nutrition
or fortified snacks to reduce child
education
-Improve nutrition status
-Promotes healthy eating marriage
-Improve school performance
-Regular physical activity -Reduce child marriage
-Overall health increase
-Nutrition awareness -Prevent early pregnancy

[Source: worldbank.org]
At the end, why adolescent nutrition is important?
The diagram below shows the window of opportunity at adolescence which can
mitigate the vicious cycle of malnutrition.

Adult Pregnant Infant & Young

Woman Woman Children
Adolescent

Diagram: A second window of opportunity

 Thank You!!!
Group-III Members:
Name Roll
MD Shohel SH-13
Muhtasin Raiyan Hossain AE-14
Tanvir Rahman FH-15
Md. Shahparan SH-18
Shakhawat Hossain FH-19
Israt Jahan Urmi RK-21