FORENSIC 4

WEEK 8

TECHNIQUES IN THE EXAMINATION OF

QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
1. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- Any study or examination which is made with the
microscope in order to discover minute physical details.
- Stereoscopic examination with low & high power
& unnatural pen-lift in signature analysis. With proper
angle and intensity or illumination, it aids in the
decipherment of erasure, some minute manipulation not
perfectly pictured to the unaided eye and the sequence of
entries done by different writing instrument.
2. INFRARED EXAMINATION
- documents employs invisible radiation beyond the
red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) which is
usually recorded on a specially sensitized photograph
emulsion.

3. ULTRAVIOLET
- U.V. radiation is invisible and occurs in a wave
length just below the visible blue violet end of the spectrum
(rainbow). These visible rays react on some substances so
that the visible light is reflected a phenomenon known as
fluorescence.
3. OBLIQUE OR SIDE LIGHT EXAMINATION
- An examination with the illumination so controlled
that if strikes the surface of the document from one side at a
very low angle.

4. TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION

- In an examination of this kind, the document is
viewed with the source of illumination behind it and the
light passing through the paper.
- Documents are subjected to this type of
examination to determine the presence of erasures matching
of some other type of alteration.
ALTERATION
-no need to submit standard specimen.
Q. It is possible to examine a charred documents, Yes
Five (5) types of Document Examination
1. Handwriting
2. Typewriting
3. Counterfeiting
4. Alteration
5. Signature Identification

1. HANDWRITING – It is a result of a very complicated

series of acts, being as a whole, a combination of certain forms
of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long
continued painstaking effort.
FORGERY – is committed by any person who, with intent
to defraud signed the name of another person or fictitious
person knowing that he/she has no authority to do so, or
falsely makes, alters, forges or counterfeits or forges the
seal or handwriting of another knowing the same to be
fake, altered or forged or counterfeit with intent to
prejudice, damage or defraud any person.

Indications or symptoms of forgery

1. Hesitation – pen stop at unusual places
2. Non-continuous strokes
3. Abrupt changes of direction of lines or strokes
showing uncertainty of movement
4. Concealed or hidden joining
 5. Bulbous or blunt initial and terminal strokes
6. Misplaced shading
7. Shadings in more than one direction (frequent
changes of pen hold)
8. Lack of variations of pen pressure
9. Capricious changes of slant
10. Defective line quality stilted, drawn quality
devoid of free, natural, normal writing movements
11. Unnecessary careful patching retouching
12. Unnatural pen-lift
13. Tremors
14. Presence of carbon, pencil or indented outlines
along the strokes of inked patterns.
KINDS OF FORGERY

1. SIMPLE FORGERY – It is defined as the

fraudulent writing of the signature of another in the
natural or disguised writing of the forger, they latter
exerting no efforts to effect a resemblance between the
forgery and the genuine signature of the individual whose
signature is being forged

2. TRACED FORGERY - any fraudulent

signature which was executed by actually following
the outline of genuine signature with a writing
instrument.
METHOD OF TRACED FORGERY
a. By aid of carbon paper
- can easily be traced by the present of carbon inks.
b. Inclination process ( bakat)
c. By direct lighting method – it is by used of light

TYPES OF HANDWRITING
1. CURSIVE WRITING – It is a style of writing whereby the
letters in words are joined together having connecting
stroke
2. SCRIPT/MANUSCRIPT- Is a form of writing wherein the
letters are written separately usually starts with capital letter
followed by the small letter.
3. BLOCK- is a form of writing wherein the entire words are
written in an upper case.
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION
- In the legal sense, as it applies to civil and criminal
litigation, handwriting identification seeks to establish the
identity or non-identity of a writer.

Principle of H.I
- is based on the proposition that “people are all alike”
“people are all different”. To be able to make positive
identification of a person, a document examiner must be able
to observe the distinguishing individual features which
separate one person from all others.

SIMILARITIES and DIFFERENCES

- Any two writings in the same language and
especially those based on the same writing system naturally
have similar.
And when closely examined, two writings by the same person show
some natural and inevitable variation in the letter form. Any single
fundamental dissimilarity between two samples of writing is a strong
indication of two writer. So that the rule will be “No person have the
same signature”.
HANDWRITING CHARACTERISTICS
- They mean any property or marks which distinguishes, and
are commonly referred to as identifying details.
Two Kinds of H.C
1. Individual or Personal Characteristics – which are highly
personal and peculiar and are unlikely to occur in other instances.
2. Common or Class Characteristics – They are those which conform
to the general style acquired when one is learning to write & which is
fashionable at a particular time and place.This is the style taught to
the child in school or by the parents.
CRITERIA for Q.D. Examination
1. Amount of Standards
2. Similarity of subject < if it is conventional or highly
individualize
3. Date of Preparation - the date of preparation of document
should be contemporaneous
(3 years before and 3 years after)
4. Writing Instrument
5. Writing condition – How was the writing executed.

HOW WILL GET COLLECTED STANDARDS

4. Material must be dictated to the suspect or victim (never
allow the suspect to see the Q.D.
5. Text must be carefully selected
6. Adequate amount in writing must included
4. Some portion of the dictation should be repeated 3x
5. Writing Instrument in paper be similar to those use in
treating the Q.D.
6. The Dictation should be

DUTIES OF THE QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

EXAMINER
1. Examine, identifies, compare & analyze signature
2. Conduct examination, identification analysis of
interlineation, insertion & distortion in Q.D.
3. Conduct examination, identification, comparison and
analysis with regards to obliteration, erasures, abrasion, in
checks, treasury notes, stamps.
4. Takes photographic reproduction of evidence examined,
compared and identified
5. Prepare evaluation and preparation of report on the document
6. Appears as an Expert witness in civil & military courts
regarding the findings in Q.D.
7. Review the finished examination of document examiner before
they are reviewed by the supervising Document Examiner and
final approval of the Chief, Document Examiner
8. Occasional spot checks on document examiner during the
process of their work.
9. Provide guidance to document examiner on the application of
principle & procedure of examination
10. Conduct lecture to different AFP training school or PNP
School with regards to Q.D. & brief visit regarding the function
and capabilities of Q.D. examiner