Learning!

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Nusrat
Emir
Presented By
Chloe
Jihn
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Why study learning?

Introduction to learning
Preview Overview of earlier research

Description of experiments

Conclusion
Why Study Learning?

• Building of relationships
• Good parenting of children
• Building self-confidence
• Enriching careers
• Teaching people efficiently

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Introduction to Learning

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What is Learning?
• Process of acquiring new behaviors
• In Psychology learning is a permanent
change in behavior, which results
from experience
• Brain forms new connections and
neurons, while learning something
new
• It can make existing neural pathways
weaker or stronger
• This is called “plasticity” in the brain

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 Types of learning

Learning

Non- observational
Associative associative

Classical Operant
Habituation Sensitization
conditioning conditioning
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Earlier
Research
Overview

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 Earlier experiments on learning
 Skinner Box Experiment- B.F.Skinner(1983)
 Bobo Doll Experiment- Dr. Alburt Bandura(1961-
1963)
 Learned Helplessness Experiment-Martin
Seligman (1967)
 Earlier experiments on learning
 Little Albert Experiment- John B. Watson(1920)
Rosalie Rayner
 Pavlov’s Dog Experiment-Ivan Pavlov (1890s)

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 Skinner Box Experiment
 Skinner (1948) studied
operant conditioning
 conducted experiments
using animals which he
placed in a 'Skinner Box’
 consisted, essentially, of four
partially sound-proofed
boxes
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 Skinner Box Experiment
 Subjects were 80 male albino rats
 There were bars in the box ,which activated food
releasing mechanisms
 Was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box
 Placed a hungry rat in his Skinner box
 As the rat moved about the box, it would
accidentally knock the lever
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 Skinner Box Experiment
 Immediately a food pellet would drop into a container
 The rats quickly learned to go to the lever after a few
times of being put in the box
 consequence of receiving food if pressed the lever
ensured repetition of the action
 Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior
 By providing a consequence an individual finds
rewarding
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 Hypothesis

Gratification promotes learning

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 Description
 we will conduct an experiment in two different
class in a school about the influence cash
incentives can have on students when performing
a task.
 -the dependent variable will be the grade of the
participant.
 -the independent variable will be the cash
incentives. 16
Description

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 Description
-all the students will be boys of age 12, in order to avoid bias
and decrease limitations.
-class no.1 will receive cash after the task is completed, we will
tell them you can get an incentive if you do well in quiz’ at the
beginning of the class.
-class no.2 will not receive the cash, and we won’t tell them.

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 Description
 -the materials that we will use for the experiment would be a
math quiz about the new concept being taught in class.

 -we would measure the experiment by comparing the students’

grades between class no.1 and class no.2

 -we will determine whether the cash incentives affected the

participants’ grades

 -we can manipulate the I.V by providing or taking away cash to

see how the D.V changes

 -limitation of the experiment :

 Not every participants has the same learning ability

 The participants’ state of mind at the time of experiment might

not be equally attention as others

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Expected results
 -the student that receive the
cash incentives will perform
better in the quiz given after the
new concept is introduced.
 - this is because the cash
incentives will reinforce them to
pay more attention and do
better. 20
Conclusion
 Operant conditioning is a method of
learning that occurs through rewards and
punishments for behavior
 Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced
tends to be repeated
 Behavior which is not reinforced tends to die
out-or be extinguished
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References
 10 Rules from an Experienced Father of Two Children. (2018). Retrieved from https://brightside.me/inspiration-family-and-kids/10-rules-from-an-
experienced-father-of-two-children-315710/

 Are You Smarter Than Average? (2018). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X8XtZZYkNA

 Fescoe, K. (2018). The 25 Most Influential Psychological Experiments in History - Online Psychology Degree Guide. Retrieved from
https://www.onlinepsychologydegree.info/influential-psychological-experiments/

 Introduction to Learning | Boundless Psychology. (2018). Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/introduction-to-learning/

 McLeod, S. (2018). B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning | Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-
conditioning.html

 Nevin, J. (1999). Analyzing Thorndike's Law Of Effect: The Question Of Stimulus-response Bonds. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72(3),
447-50.

 Research » Avondale. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.avondale.edu.au/research/

 Retrieved from https://www.sfu.ca/content/sfu/psychology/ugrad/psychology-student-union/jcr:content/main_content/textimage/

image.img.640.medium.jpg/1535074398063.jpg

 Sterling, C. (2018). What Happens to Your Brain When You Learn a New Skill?. Retrieved from https://ccsuconed.wordpress.com/2017/07/25/what-
happens-to-your-brain-when-you-learn-a-new-skill/
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Thank you for listening! :)
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