THE WHAT’S AND HOW’S IN

RESEARCH PROPOSAL:
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
◼ REVIEW OF RELATED
◼ INTRODUCTION
LITERATURES
◼ BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
◼ RESEARCH DESIGN
◼ THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
◼ RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
◼ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
◼ SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
◼ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
◼ RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
◼ HYPOTHESIS
◼ RESEARCH PROCEDURE
◼ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
◼ STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF
◼ SCOPE AND LIMITATION DATA
◼ DEFINITION OF TERMS ◼ ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
 CREATING AN
INTRODUCTION

First Paragraph (MEGA)

◼ Scenario in International (Present Statistics)

Second Paragraph (MACRO)

◼ Scenario in National (Present Statistics)

Third Paragraph (MICRO)

◼ Scenario in Local (Present Statistics)
Current Situation
INTRODUCTION
◼ First sentence is your thesis argument.
◼ Discussions are in paragraph form ◼ Originality is important (PapersOwl, 2019)
starting from Mega, Macro to
◼ Explain key terms (PapersOwl, 2019)
Micro development that gives an
◼ Follow the rules of logic (PapersOwl, 2019)
overview of the research.
◼ Includes the legal bases of the study
and the personal justifications of
the researcher.
◼ It may also include concepts and
ideas from other sources.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

◼ Work done to determine that you research topic is a

problem and that the method used is the one required to
solve the issue or answer the question (Olawale, 2020).
◼ The discussion of the problem situation as observed and
experienced by the researcher.
◼ Concepts and ideas related to the problem
◼ Discussion on the existing or present conditions and
what is aimed to be in the future or the gap to be filled –
in by the research.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

◼ A blueprint or guide based on existing theory in the

field of study that is related and or reflects the
hypothesis of the study (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).
◼ The section presents a theory or theories (in a
maximum of three), which served as framework of the
research
◼ Discussion of the main idea of theory is first given
followed by the discussion of its relation to the study.
The researcher should be able to anchor the research to
the theory or establish its relationship.
◼ It has a maximum of three (3) pages
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
◼ This is the researcher’s explanation of how the research problem
would be explored (Adom, Hussein, & Agyem, 2018).
◼ This framework is the researchers’ own conceptualization of the
research using a model.
◼ The conceptual model is a figurative representation of the research
framework drawn in a separate whole page in the middle of its
discussion
◼ In the discussion, the researcher describes and explains the model,
the meaning of the figures, the contents and the processes
involved.
◼ All the variables involved should be written in the model
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

◼ A claim that outlines these problem

addressed by a study. It addresses and
explains, what is the problem that the
research will address? (Bwisa, 2018)
◼ The section should have an introductory
statement.
◼ It should enlist the specific questions
answered by the research (enumerated).
HYPOTHESIS

◼ A hypothesis is a tentative statement

about the relationship between two
or more variables. It is a specific,
testable prediction about what you
expect to happen in a study.
◼ The section should have an
introductory statement
◼ It should enlist the hypotheses tested
in the research.
◼ Hypotheses are stated in null
hypotheses.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

◼ What is the importance of

your research?
◼ Who will be benefited in the
study?

◼ Enumerate and discuss how

they will be benefited.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This section discusses the parameters of the research in
paragraph. It answers the basic questions:
What – The topic of investigation and the variables included
Where –The venue or the setting of the research
When–The time frame by which the study was conducted
Why – The general objectives of the research
Who–The subject of the study, the population and sampling
How–The methodology of the research which may include
the research design, Methodology and the research instrument
◼ The limitation discusses why certain variables were not
included in the research; what are the possible constraints
of the study.
DEFINITION OF TERMS Two ways of defining key terms
Conceptual definition – the
◼ The section should have an introductory terms are defined according to the
statement. review literature or studies

◼ Terms or variables are enlisted and arranged on

Operational definition – the
terms are define according to its
alphabetical order, written in bold capital lower use in the study.
case type. Example:

◼ Each variable is given a definition written

Respondents
Conceptual – Participants of the
immediately after each term in sentence form study
and on hanging indentions. Operational
Operational – Senior High
definitions are necessary. School students who participated
in the study.
REVIEWING RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
Theories, concepts and ideas that will explain the meaning of The ways in organizing RLS
every variable are included. The section provides for the
related literature and studies for each of the variables included in 1. Chronological
the research. Related studies for each variable are also presented
without discussion on its parallelism to the present study. The 2. Site
discussion also includes how the variables were used in the
present research to explain its importance.
3. Thematic
◼ The variables are arranged based on its presentation in the
model.
◼ A minimum of two (2) related literature and two (2) related
studies are required for each variable
RESEARCH DESIGN
This section has Qualitative:
the following
Narrative Research. This research is focused on the stories told by individual
contents in
paragraph participants.
discussion: Phenomenological Research. While narrative research focuses on the life of a single
1. The individual, a phenomenological research focuses the meaning for several individuals of
research design, their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon.
methods or
Grounded Theory Research focuses on generating or discovering a theory. It is a
techniques used as
defined from qualitative research design in which the researcher generates a general explanation of a
different sources. process, action or interaction shaped by the views of a large number of participants.
2. A Ethnographic Research focuses on an entire cultural group. It is a qualitative design in
discussion of how which the researcher describes and interprets the shared and learned patterns of values,
this method/s behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group.
was/were used in
the present study. Case Study involves the study of an issue explored through one or more cases within a
bounded system. It is a research in which a researcher explores a bounded system (case)
or multiple bounded system (cases) over time, through detailed, in-depth data collection
RESEARCH DESIGN Quantitative:
Descriptive Research. The purpose of descriptive studies is to describe, and interpret, the current status of
This section has
individuals, settings, conditions, or events
the following
contents in Survey Research. It is primarily a quantitative research technique in which the researcher administers some
sort of survey questionnaire to a sample of individuals to describe their attitudes, opinions, behaviors,
paragraph
experiences, or other characteristics of the population.
discussion:
Correlational Research. The purpose of correlational studies is to determine and possible measure the
1. The relationships between two or more variables. This approach helps researchers to comprehend and describe
research design, certain related events, conditions, and behaviors and predict future conditions or behaviors in one variable in
methods or relation to other variable.
techniques used as
defined from Pre-experimental Design. In this design, the researcher typically apply the treatment to one group. This can be
different sources. one-shot case study where a treatment is applied to a single group then post-test; or one group pre-test-posttest
design where a single group is exposed to treatment and receives pre-test (before the treatment application) and
2. A post-test (after the application of treatment).
discussion of how
Quasi-Experimental Design. In this design, no random assignment of the respondents/participants is done.
this method/s Random assignment is the aspect of experimental research that ensures relativity to similarity of the groups
was/were used in being compared.
the present study.
True Experimental Design. This design involves random assignment of participants to treatment conditions in
addition to that they all have at least one comparison group.
RESPONDENTS/PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS OF THE STUDY
◼ This describes the nature or characteristics
of the respondents or subjects/participants
of the study. This may include: the size of
the population and its important
characteristics in relation to what is
studied, the sample size and the sampling
technique used the variables considered in
case there are equating factors, the strata in
case of stratified sampling or percentages
in case of proportional sampling. A
distribution table for the respondents or
graphical presentation may be used to
describe the sample size which followed a
by discussion.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
◼ Probability Sampling
🗉 Simple Random Sampling

◼ Presented here is the 🗉 Systematic RS

🗉 Stratified RS
sampling technique to be
🗉 Cluster Sampling
used in the study 🗉 Multi-stage Sampling

(whether probability or ◼ Non-Probability Sampling

non-probability) 🗉 Convenience
🗉 Purposive
🗉 Quota
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

◼ The instrument used to collect data may be created by the researcher

or based on an existing instrument. If the instrument is researcher
created, the process used to select the questions should be described
and justified. If an existing instrument is used, the background of the
instrument is described including who originated it and what
measures were used to validate it. If a Likert scale is used, the scale
should be described. If the study involves interviews, an interview
protocol should be developed that will result in a consistent process
of data collection across all interviews. Instruments should be placed
in an appendix, not in the body of the text.
◼ Most studies include both a demographic survey to develop a picture of the
participants, and an interview protocol. If the instrument is researcher
created, a pilot study should be conducted to test the instrument. In a
research study, a survey instrument that is researcher designed needs a
pilot study to validate the effectiveness of the instrument, and the value of
the questions to elicit the right information to answer the primary research
questions in. In a scientific study, a pilot study may precede the main
observation to correct any problems with the instrumentation or other
elements in the data collection technique. Describe the pilot study as it
relates to the research design, development of the instrument, data
collection procedures, or characteristics of the sample.
RESEARCH PROCEDURE

◼ This section discusses in paragraph

the different activities undertaken to
complete the research which follows
the general procedure of the study. A
Gantt Chart of activities may
guide the discussion.
◼ For experimental/scientific
researches, an operational procedure
of the experiment should be
presented which can be supported by
a flow chart for clarity.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

◼ Statistical tool to be used for each

question in the statement of the
problem is discussed under this
section in paragraph form.
◼ Formulas need not to be written.

◼ Ranges used for descriptive

statistics should be presented
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

◼ Informed Consent
◼ Respect for anonymity
and confidentiality
◼ Respect for privacy
◼ Vulnerable groups of
people
◼ Beneficence (doing good)
◼ Plagiarism
 INFORMED CONSENT
◼ Informed consent is the major ethical issue in
conducting research. According to Armiger: "it
means that a person knowingly, voluntarily and
intelligently, and in a clear and manifest way, gives
his consent" .
◼ Informed consent is one of the means by which a
patient's right to autonomy is protected. Autonomy
as the ability for self determination in action
according to a personal plan. Informed consent
seeks to incorporate the rights of autonomous
individuals through self- determination. It also
seeks to prevent assaults on the integrity of the
patient and protect personal liberty and veracity.
 RESPECT FOR ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY

◼ The issue of confidentiality and anonymity is closely connected

with the rights of beneficence, respect for the dignity and fidelity.
anonymity is protected when the subject's identity can not be linked with
personal responses. If the researcher is not able to promise anonymity he
has to address confidentiality, which is the management of private
information by the researcher in order to protect the subject's identity.
confidentiality means that individuals are free to give and withhold as much
information as they wish to the person they choose. The researcher is
responsible to "maintain confidentiality that goes beyond ordinary loyalty".
the ethical dilemma of the researcher when confidentiality must be broken
because of the moral duty to protect society.
RESPECT FOR PRIVACY

◼ Privacy is the freedom an

individual has to determine the
time, extent, and general
circumstances under which
private information will be
shared with or withheld from
others ".
VULNERABLE GROUPS OF PEOPLE

◼ Nowadays, there is an increased concern about

vulnerable groups and whether it is ethical or not for
them to be used as research subjects." Fisher
classifies vulnerability as one characteristic
of people unable to protect their own rights and
welfare". vulnerable groups include captive
populations (prisoners, institutionalized, students
etc.), mentally ill persons, aged people, children,
critically ill or dying, poor, with learning disabilities,
sedated or unconscious.
BENEFICENCE (DOING GOOD)

◼ Research should only be carried out if some sort

of benefit or good can be derived from it, (i.e.
contribution to knowledge or improved
service/treatment). Therefore the question of
whether or not a research project is worth
undertaking should always be uppermost in the
mind of the researcher. If no benefit can be
derived then the project is unethical.
Accomplish the research outline attached in the course materials as your guide in
finalizing your research proposal outline.

Suggested Parts

I. Title
II. Introduction
III. Background of the Study
IV. Research Questions
V. Objectives
VI. Conceptual Framework
VII. Brief Review of Related Literature
VIII. Research Methodology
IX. References