JOINTS

JOINTS
• Greek = Arthron – Arthrology, Arthritis
• Latin = Articulatio (A Joint)
• Latin = Junctura ( A Joint)

Definition

A Joint is a junction between two or more

bones. It is a device to permit
movements. The immovable and slightly
moveble joints are meant for growth and
permit moulding during childbirth.
 CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL- On the basis of intervening tissue
 Fibrous joints
 Cartilaginous joints
 Synovial joints
FUNCTIONAL – on the basis of movements permitted
 Synarthroses (immovable) e.g. Fibrous Joints
 Amphiarthroses (Slightly movable) e.g., Cartilaginous joints
 Diarthroses (Freely movable) eg., Synovial joints

REGIONAL – On the basis of Location

 Skull type – immovable
 Vertebral type – Slightly movable
 Limb type – Freely movable
 CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT

Fibrous
Fixed Cartilaginous Synovial
(Synarthroses) Freely movable
Types
Slightly movable (Diarthroses)
1. Sutures (Amphiarthroses) Types
1. Plane
Plane Types 2. Hinge (Ginglyml)
Squamous 1. Pri.cart. Joints 3. Pivot (Trochoid)
Serrate or limbus (Synchondroses) 4. Condylar
Dentate 5. Ellipsoid
schindylesis
2. Sec, Cart. Joints 6. Saddle (Sellar)
2. Gomphosis (Syndesmoses) 7. Ball & Socket
3. Syndesmosis
 STRUCTURAL JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS/ FIXED JOINTS / SYNARTHROSIS
 They are generally limited to skull.
 They are of following varieties:
 Sutures
 Skull bones are lines outside by a membrane called pericranium and on
inside by another membrane called endocranium (outer layer of dura
mater).
 These membranes pass across from bone to other and uniting them.
 Some fibrous tissue intervenes that passes from one side to the other and is
continuous with pericranium, termed as sutural ligament. Part of this
ligament that lies near bone ends is cellular and contains osteogenic cells.
In young subjects, these cells lay down new bone and help skull to grow.
 Essential structural mechanism for sutural bone growth.
 Provide necessary rigidity and geometry in the upper neurocranium,
nasofacial and palatine skeleton.
 Sutures start disappearing (bone fusion) around 30 years of age.
 Fusion starts on inner surface and gradually extends to outer surface.
SUTURE
1
 TYPES
 Plane suture
 Articular sutures are plane and fairly smooth.
 E.g. intermaxillary
 Inter palatine cruciform suture
 Palatomaxillary
 Squamous suture
 Articular surface are flat and overlap each other
 e.g. suture between Temporal and Parietal bones
 Serrate or Limbus suture
 Adjacent bone surfaces are reciprocally serrated and mutually ridged or serrated.
 e.g.: sagittal sutures.
 Dentate suture
 Edges have small tooth projections. Margins of suture interlock with each other
like teeth of saw. Eg. Lambdoid sutures.
 Schindylesis
 Specialized suture where ridge of one bone fits into groove of other bone
 Eg. Rostrum of sphenoid and vomer.
2
 Syndesmosis
these joints filled with connective tissue in
the form of interrosseous ligaments and
membrane
 Gomphosis
specialized fibrous joints restricted
to the fixation of teeth in alveolar
sockets.
5
7
SYNOVIAL JOINT

• These joints have joint

cavity and the
articular ends of bone
covered in a fibrous
capsule, separated by
narrow cavity and
filled with synovial
fluid.
FEATURES
• Covered by hyaline
cartilage
• Joint cavity enclosed by
articular capsule
• Lined by synovial
membrane except over
articular cartilage
• Cavity filled by synovial
fluid- lubrication
• Sometimes cavity
incompletely or completely
divided by articular
disc/meniscus
 CLASSIFICATION
 PLANE JOINTS
 HINGE JOINTS
 PIVOT JOINTS
 CONDYLOR JOINTS
 ELLIPSOIDAL JOINTS
 SADDLE JOINTS
 BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
Carpo-Metacarpal Joint
SPHEROIDAL JOINT : SHOULDER JOINT
• Based on axis/ plane
– Uniaxial
– Biaxial
– Multiaxial
• Based on number of articular bones
– Simple
– compound
Thank you