Very

important

TUTORIAL 28
UNIT 2

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Content:
• PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY,
• EXPLANATION OF BLACK BODY
RADIATION
• EXPLANATION OF PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
• DUEL NATURE OF MATTER AND
RADIATION,
• de Broglie EQUATION
BY S.J.C.
PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY ( PARTICLE NATURE
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION)
INTRODUCTION:
• Since the phenomena “The Black Body Radiation” and “The Photelectric Effect”
cannot explained by the Electromagnetic Wave Theory, therefore, Max Planck in
1900, put forward a theory to explain these phenomena. This new theory is
known as Planck’s Quantum Theory after his name.
• This theory was further extended by Einstein in 1905.
• This new theory was a revolutionary theory that changed a greater portion of the
concepts in physics and chemistry.
• This new era of science based on this quantum theory,
The main points of this theory:
1. The energy of any radiation, emitted or absorbed not continuously but
discontinuously in the form of small discrete packets of energy. Each such
particles of energy is called “Quantum” (plural form is quanta). Since light is a
form of energy, hence the small energy particle (quantum) of light radiation is
called “Photon”. Each quantum consists of a certain frequency.
2. The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to the frequency of the
radiation. Mathematically it can be expressed as-
Eαν
Or, E= hν ----------------------(i)
where E is energy of radiation, ν is frequency of radiation and h is a constant
called Planck’s constant.
h= 6.626 x 10-27 erg sec
Or, h=6.626 x 10-34 joule sec
3. The total amount of energy emitted or absorbed by a body will be some whole
number of quanta.
E= nhν ------------------------(ii)
where, n is any integer, i.e. n=1,2,3,……… but n≠ ½,¼,¾ etc.

Radiation in old concept

Radiation in new concept

EXPLANATION OF BLACK BODY RADIATION
• When a solid substance is heated ( e.g. the black body), the atoms of the
substance begins oscillation or vibration and emits radiation of frequency say ν.
As the temperature increases the oscillation increases and more and more energy
absorbed by the atoms as well as more and more energy ( i.e. higher frequencies)
emitted.
• As red light has minimum frequency and yellow light has higher frequency than
red. Therefore, on heating the black body, it emits red at first at a lower
temperature, then emits yellow at higher temperature and so on.
• Energy emits discontinuously as packets of energy or frequency . E.g. packets of
red frequency, packets of yellow frequency etc.
EXPLANATION OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT:
• When a light of some particular frequency falls on a metal surface, the photon
(quantum of light) gives its entire energy to the electron of the metal. If the
photons have sufficient frequency to overcome the forces of attraction of
electrons and nucleus, the electron detached from the metal.
• If the frequency of incident light is more than the
threshold frequency, the excess energy is -
-
-
imparted to the electron as kinetic energy. -
- Attra
c
• Greater the frequency of incident light, for tive
ce

greater the kinetic energy of ejected electrons.

- - -
• Increasing intensity of light increases the number
-
of ejected proton, but not the kinetic energy of the electron. Atom
-
DUEL NATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION:
• Some properties of light or any other radiation such as interference, diffraction
etc. can best explained if we consider light or radiation to have wave character
( as in electromagnetic wave theory)
• Some other properties of light or radiation such as black body radiation,
photoelectric effect can be explained if we consider light or radiation to have
particle nature (as in Planck’s quantum theory).
• Thus light or any radiation is said to have both wave character and particle
character. Hence, it is said to have duel nature. This ideas were put forward by
Einstein in 1905.
de Broglie EQUATION:
• If we consider light to have wave character, the energy is given by-
E=hν --------------(i) (from Planck’s quantum theory)
where, E is energy, h Planck's constant and ν is frequency.
• If we consider the light to have particle character, then the energy is given by-
E=mc2 -------------(ii) (from Einstein equation)
where, m is mass of the photon (particle of light), c is the velocity of light.
Now, from equation (i) and (ii), we get-
hν= mc2
But, ν=c/λ
Therefore, h. c/λ= mc2
Or, λ= h/mc --------------(iii)
• If mass of photon m is replaced by the mass of any material particle
and velocity c is replaced by velocity v of any material particle, then
for material particle like electron, we can rewrite the equation (iii) as-
λ=h/mv
Or, λ=h/p ------------------(iv)
where p is momentum of the particle.
The equation (iv) is known as de Broglie equation and now the
wavelength (λ) is called de Broglie wavelength.

• de Broglie equation relate the particle character and the wave

character of matter.