States of Matter

Intermolecular Forces

Prepared By: Manasvi KM

 intER vs. intRA molecular forces

• Intramolecular forces are the forces within a

molecule or ionic compound

Example: Individual therapy

NaCl Ionic bond between atom of Na and atom of Cl

• Intermolecular forces are the forces between

molecules or ions and molecules
Example: couples therapy
Solid liquid gas

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 Van Der Waals Forces
• These are
intermolecular forces
of attraction between
neutral molecules.
• The Nobel Prize in
Physics 1910 (Johannes
van der Waals)
• "for his work on the
equation of state for
gases and liquids"

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Intramolecular forces Intermolecular forces

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 Strength
Intramolecular bonds > intermolecular forces

Intramolecular bonds are stronger because it

would take a lot more energy to overcome
covalent bonds and break apart the molecule
than to overcome intermolecular forces in
between the atoms (to make it become a liquid
or gas).

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 Phase Changes
• When a substance changes from solid to
liquid to gas, the molecules remain intact.

• The changes in state are due to changes in

the forces among molecules rather than in
those within the molecules.

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Intermolecular Model Basis of Attraction Energy Example
Force (kJ/mol)

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 DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
• These are forces of attraction that occur between polar
molecules. (big difference in electron negativity)

• These forces are effective only when polar molecules are

very close. As distance increase strength of bond decreases.

• For molecules of approximately equal mass and size, the

strength of force of attraction increases as the polarity
increases.

• Radius have an effect on strength of dipole.

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 Dipole-Dipole Forces

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DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

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FYI

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 DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
• Molecules with larger
dipole moments have
higher melting and boiling
points (hard to break) than
those with small dipole
moments.

• Dipole attractions are

relatively weak and tend to
be liquids or gas at room
temperature.

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 HYDROGEN BONDING

• A special type of dipole-dipole interaction

between the hydrogen atom in a polar
bond and an unshared electron pair of an
element that is very electronegative
usually a F, O, or N atom on another
molecule
• (note that all of these have very high EN’s
and small atomic radii).

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 Hydrogen Bonding

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17
 HYDROGEN BONDING
• These types of
bonds are super-
humanly strong.

• (unusually strong dipole dipole

4X stronger that diopole
dipole)

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HYDROGEN BONDING

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WHY HYDROGEN BONDING IS EFFECTIVE

• F, O, & N are extremely small and very electronegative

atoms.

• Hydrogen atoms are very small and have no inner core

of electrons, therefore, the positive side of the bond
dipole has the concentrated charge of the partially
exposed, nearly bare proton of the nucleus.

• …in other words, the atoms have a large difference in

electronegativity and their nuclei can get really close.
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IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN BONDING

• Are important biologically, in stabilizing

proteins and keeping DNA together.

• Also explains why ice is less dense than water

(see text).

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 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
• Fritz London

• These are forces that arise

as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in the
atoms or molecules.( it’s a
temporary accident!)

• All molecules have some

degree of LD forces

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London Dispersion Forces

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 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
• LD forces occur between neutral non-polar molecules. (nobles
gases and nonpolar compounds)

• Occurs in all molecules, including nonpolar ones.

• LD forces are weak

• The greater the number of electrons the greater the LD force.

(ie the greater the melting and boiling pt.).
Say This: The larger the electron cloud the more polarizable an the greater the
strength of the interaction

• LD force molecules have Low melting and boiling pts

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 See Graphic on next slide
• The motion of electrons in an atom or
molecule can create an instantaneous dipole
moment.

• EX: in a collection of He (g) the average

distribution of electrons about a nucleus is
spherical, the molecules are non-polar and
there is no attraction.

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INSTANTANEOUS AND INDUCED DIPOLES

Pg 454- 455 in text

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LONDON DISPERSION FORCES (CONT)
• These forces tend to increase in strength with an
increase in molecular weight (The size of the
molecule generally increases with mass and the
electrons are less tightly held…allows the electron
cloud to be more easily distorted.

• These forces are stronger in linear molecules than

comparable “bunched up” molecules.

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 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

LD forces are generally the

WEAKEST
intermolecular forces.

Molecules with more

electrons will
experience more LD
forces

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