origin and development of public

C H A P T E R 2 |a d
BmA Ni D
n Ii Os tL rAa t| i JoOnS E | S A B I O
A CALL FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
A CALL FOR PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
Public Administration as a discipline can be divided into two major periods:
• TRADITIONAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
• MODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The classical period (Traditional PA) that is from the late 1800s to the 1950s, and the other one is
the modern period (Modern Public Administration) that is from the 1950s up to the present day.
The modern-day period can be further divided into sub-periods, which are:

1. Development Administration (DA)-1950s to 1960s

2. New Public Administration (NPA) - Toward 1970s
3. New Public Management (NPM)-1980s to 1990s
4. Reinventing Government (RG) - 1990s
5. Public Administration as a Governance (PAG)- Toward 2000s
Woodrow Wilson
Movement The political discourse on public administration would not be
possible had it not been to Woodrow Wilson's' classic essay, "The
Study of Administration." Wilson, pioneer of the study of Public
Administration, set the tone of the role of government and the
administration in the civil society, and the improvement they should
separately adapt for successful operation.

To Wilson, there should be distinct and separate sphere

between politics and administration, an adage of dichotomy. This
separation is believed to bring about solvency in the inefficiency and
ineffectiveness of government organization or simply government
mismanagement. Meanwhile, Woodrow Wilson later became the
28th President of the United States.
The Spoils System
The spoils system is a term derived from the phrase "to the
victor of spoils." Spoils meant that successful candidates,
including newly elected presidents, were expected to distribute
government jobs to those who have taken the trouble of
supporting their campaigns.

The spoils system continued at least until 1883 when the

Pendleton Act created a civil service commission\to employ and
control government employees. This Act shunned politics of
patronage and introduced merits and fitness, a subtle way of
bureaucratic cleansing.
Politics and Administration Dichotomy
Politics and Administration
Marriage/Nexus
But Wilson stressed that politics and administration are
separate as politics is the expression of the will of the state, and
administration is the execution of that will. This politics and
administration dichotomy was later examined by Frank
Goodnow, Father of American Public Administration, in his
book, Politics and Administration (1900). To Goodnow, modern
administration presented a number of dilemmas involving
political and administrative functions that had now supplanted
the traditional concern with the separation of powers among the
branches of government.
 Emergence of the Industrial
Revolution
The Industrial Revolution came during the late 18th century to the
early 19th century in Great Britain where major changes swept the agriculture
industry so with the manufacturing, transport, and mining companies. These
changes in fact brought deep effects on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions
in the country. Sooner, these changes reached throughout Europe, North America,
and to the world. As a result, it eventually impacted on almost every aspect of the
people's lives.
 PERIOD AND
PROPONENTS of
p u b l i c aNEOCLAS
CLASSICA d m i n i s t r a t i o nMODERN
L SICAL

1800'S 1950'S PRESENT

SCIENTIFIC, BASED ON
ADMINISTRATIVE AND CLASSICAL
BUREUCRATIC
HUMANISM
PEOPLE =
MACHINE
 CLASSICAL proponents of public
administration

FREDERICK LEONARD WILLIAN MARY PARKER

HENRY FAYOL
TAYLOR WHITE WILLOUGHBY FOLLET

NEOCLASSICAL proponents of public

administration

HERBERT CHESTER ABRAHAM LUTHER

ELTON MAYO
SIMON BARNARD MASLOW GULICK

LYNDALL FREDERICK DOUGLAS MAX DWIGHT

URWICK HERZBERG MCGREGOR WEBER WALDO
classical proponents of public
administration
 classical proponents of public
administration
FREDERICK
TAYLOR
• Father of Scientific Management
• Principle of Management, 1911
• Industrialization: machine
• Reduce the amount of time and motions
• Standardized steps
• People = machine
• "One right way"
 classical proponents of public
administration
HENRY FAYOL
• Administration Industrielle et Generale, 1916
• Primary Functions of Management: Planning, Organizing,
Commanding, Coordinating, and Controlling
• 14 Principle of Management
 classical proponents of public
administration

LEONARD WHITE
• Introduction to the study of Public Administration, 1926

Framework for the study of Public Administration:

• Administration is a unitary process that can be studied uniformly both in

central-national and regional-local levels.
• The basis for the study of Public Administration is management, and not
laws.
• Administration is still an art but it can also be transformed into science.
• The recognition that administration has become and will continue to be the
heart of the problems of modern governments.
 classical proponents of public
administration
WILLIAN
WILLOUGHbY
• Creation of a modern budget system or budget reformation, 1918

• How budgets would advance and provide for popular control.

• How budgets would enhance legislative and executive cooperation.
• How budgets would ensure administrative and management
efficiency,
 classical proponents of public
administration
MARY PARKER
FOLLET
• Management theory and Behavior, 1926
• Conflict resolution through Integration
• Situational Leadership: Create group power, rather than expressing personal
power.
neoclassical proponents of public
administration
neoclassical proponents of public
administration

HERBERT SIMON
• Decision Making
neoclassical proponents of public
administration

ELTON MAYO
• Pioneer of the Human Relation Approach
• Clinical Method
• Hawthorne Studies
 neoclassical proponents of public
administration
CHESTER
BARNARD
• Pioneer of Behavioral Movement in Public Administration
• The Function of the Executive (1938)
• Executive to become more effective, he should maintain
equilibrium (balance) between the needs of the employees and
the organization.
• Organization and Management (1948)

• Organization as Cooperative System:

• Communication
• Willingness to cooperate
• Common purpose or objective
• Airport
neoclassical proponents of public
administration
ABRAHAM
MASLOW
• Theory of Motivation
• Hierarchy of Need
Luther
Gulick
and
Ly n d a l
l
Urwic
Frederick Herzberg
Douglas McGregor
 M a x We b e r
• An ideal organization is completely
bureaucratized administration that is
unshattered.
• The fully developed Weberian bureaucracy
seems to refer only to the apparatus than to its
members.
• The rationalization in the administration should
be matched with the intersect of national
consensus.
• Democracy is opposed to the rule of
bureaucracy.
• Bureaucracy as an administrative device for
using specialized skills.
D w i g h t Wa l d o
 Harmonizing the Goals of Politics
and Democracy

The firmly established rule of public administration is that the increasingly

important executive branch of government must be integrated and organized in such a way
that the chief executive appoints, controls, and removes all his department chiefs or bureau
heads whenever circumstances warrant them, instead of having such officials popularly
elected. This is the core value of the local level plan of city government, for example. This is
consequently compatible with democracy, which does not require the direct election of
minor administrative officers or leaders.
 Emerging Challenges
Thus, new challenges for more effective public administration thrust have emerged. In
the lecture of Prof. Kartasasmita (2006) entitled "The Theory of Public Administration" said:
Most prominent were the familiar issues of the nature and effects of bureaucratic organizations and
the political dimensions of the new administrative state. The new deal and WWII Keynesian
economic theory were significant influences on the theory and practice of public administration.
While those wars against depression and oppression were primarily economic and military
operations, there were also immense managerial undertakings. The experience of those years called
into question much of what was then the conventional wisdom of public administration. The politic
and administration dichotomy of the reform movement lost its viability amid the new deal and the
war effort. It was simply not possible to take value-free processes of business and apply them to
government. Government, in spite of the best efforts of many reformers, was not a business and was
not value-free. During this period, public administration had returned to the field of Political
Science.
Old Public Administration
thank you!