CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

CELLS: T H E B A S I C T H E O R Y OF
LIFE
 THE CELL STRUCTURE

• Name the 3 structures common to most cells.

• Discuss the structure & function of the nucleus.
• Distinguish between the cell membrane & the cell
wall in both structure & function.
• Vocabulary: cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus,
eukaryote, prokaryote, nuclear envelope, nucleolus,
chromosome, cytoplasm

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 2

 CELL STRUCTURE

• cells vary in shape & size

• structures common to most cells:

• cell membrane
outer boundary of cell
• nucleus (only in eukaryotes)
control center
• cytoplasm
material between cell
membrane & nucleus
Biology: Cell Structure & Function 3
 CELL STRUCTURE: CELL
MEMBRANE
• cell (plasma) membrane
cell structure that regulates
passage of materials
between cell
& its environment; aid in
protection & support of
cell

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 4

 CELL STRUCTURE: CELL
MEMBRANE
• cell (plasma) membrane
cell structure that regulates
passage of materials
between cell
& its environment; aid in
protection & support of
cell

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 5

 CELL STRUCTURE: CELL
MEMBRANE
• composed of several organic molecules
• lipids - double layer of lipid molecules (bilayer) forms
basic unit from which cell membrane is constructed
• proteins - stick to surface of lipid bilayer. Others free to move
around within layer. Some free-moving act as channel through
which molecules can pass. Others act like pumps, actively pushing
molecules from one side of membrane to other.
• carbohydrates - attached to proteins or lipids at membrane
surface. Many act like chemical identification cards,
allowing cells to recognize & interact with each other.

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 6

 CELL STRUCTURE: CELL
WALL
• cell wall – cell structure that
surrounds cell membrane for
protection & support in plants,
algae, fungi & some bacteria
• very porous - water, oxygen, CO2,
& other substances pass through
easily

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 7

 CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

• nucleus - organelle that controls the cell’s

activities & contains DNA

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 8

 CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

parts of nucleus:
• nuclear envelope - 2 membranes that surround
nucleus of a cell
• nucleolus - cell structure that contains RNA & proteins;
where ribosomes are made
• chromosomes - threadlike structure in
a cell that contains genetic information
that is passed on from one generation
of cells to the next

chromatin – long, tangled strands of

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 9
DNA
CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 10

CELL STRUCTURE: NUCLEUS

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 11

 CELL STRUCTURE: CYTOPLASM

• cytoplasm – (jelly-like) area between nucleus & cell

membrane of a cell
•

surrounds
organelles

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 12

 CELL STRUCTURE REVIEW
QUESTIONS

• Distinguish between prokaryotes & eukaryotes.

Why is this distinction important?
• What are the 3 basic structures found in most
cells?

• What is the function of the cell membrane?

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 13

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

• Define organelle.
• Compare the functions of the mitochondria &
chloroplasts.
• Discuss the function of the two types of
endoplasmic reticulum.
• Name the two major components of the
cytoskeleton & discuss their importance.
• Vocabulary: organelle, mitochondrion, chloroplast,
ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome,
vacuole, plastid, cytoskeleton
Biology: Cell Structure & Function 14
CELL STRUCTURE

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 15

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

• organelle – tiny cell structure that performs a

specialized function
within the cell

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 16

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

• cellular activities necessary for life include chemical reactions

that facilitate:
• acquiring energy
• reproduction
• adaptation
• maintaining homeostasis

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 17

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
MITOCHONDRIA &
• CHLOROPLASTS
“Power Stations” - change energy from 1 form to another

• mitochondria – organelle that changes chemical energy

stored in food into compounds that can be used by the
cell
• 2 membranes – inner membrane increases surface area
• cristae – internal compartments formed by inner membrane
• chloroplast – organelle that converts sunlight into
chemical energy in plants & algae
• 3 membranes – 3rd sun’s radiant energy  chemical energy
• contains chlorophyll – green pigment that traps light energy

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 18

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
MITOCHONDRIA &
CHLOROPLASTS chloroplast - site of
photosynthesis

mitochondria - site of
cellular respiration

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 19

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
RIBOSOMES
• “Protein Factories”
• ribosomes – organelles in which proteins are made
• smallest of organelles
• assembled in nucleolus
• composed of RNA & protein
• some attached to membranes while
others free in cytoplasm
• free in cytoplasm: makes proteins
for use w/in cell
• attached to RER- makes proteins for export out of cell
1/26/17 Biology: Cell Structure & Function 20
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES: ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM & GOLGI APPARATUS
• “Manufactures & Shippers”
• endoplasmic reticulum – complex network that
transports materials throughout the inside of a cell
• 2 types: smooth & rough
• smooth - storage of special enzymes & chemicals; contains
enzymes for phospholipid synthesis
• rough – involved in synthesis of proteins (ribosomes stuck to it)

• Golgi apparatus – organelle that modifies, collects,

packages, & distributes molecules made at one location of
the cell & used at another
• newly made lipids & proteins from E.R. repackaged &
shipped to plasma membrane
Biology: Cell Structure & Function 21
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 22

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 23

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 24

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
GOLGI APPARATUS

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 25

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
RER & GOLGI APPARATUS

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 26

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
LYSOSOMES
• “Cleanup Crews” (& Storage)

• lysosome – organelle that contains chemicals & enzymes

necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell
• not found in plant cells
• removes junk (i.e. organelles that have outlived their
usefulness) that might accumulate & clutter the cell
• can fuse with vacuoles to digest food or worn cell parts

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 27

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
VACUOLES & PLASTIDS
• “Storage Tanks”
• vacuole – organelle that stores materials such as water,
salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
• stores food, fluid, waste products
• plants have a large central vacuole for water storage
• unicellular animals can use contractile vacuoles for
movement

• plastid – plant cell organelle involved in storage of food

and pigments
• can take many forms (like chloroplast)
• i.e. leukoplasts ( store starch granules) & chromoplasts (store pigment
molecules)
Biology: Cell Structure & Function 28
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
CYTOSKELETON
• “Framework” (& attached locomotion structures)

• cytoskeleton – framework of the cell composed of a variety

of filaments & fibers that support cell structure and drive
cell movement
• composed of a variety of filaments & fibers that support cell structure
& drive cell movement.
• microtubules (hollow tubes made of proteins) – support, move organelles
through cell, role in cell division by forming centrioles (animal &
eukaryotic cells but not in plants)
• cilia & flagella – help move
• microfilaments – (solid filaments of protein) movement & support of cell

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 29

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
CYTOSKEETON

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 30

 CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES:
CENTRIOLES
• Cell Division

• centrioles
• play role in cell division (splitting of cell into 2 cells)
• found in animal and fungi cells
• made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in bundles
• composed of protein

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 31

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What are organelles? Give 2 examples of
organelles.
• How do lysosomes function to digest particles?

• Compare mitochondria & chloroplasts.

• What components make up the cytoskeleton?

Biology: Cell Structure & Function 35

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