Electrical Load

Estimation
 1-
Build • Calculate the interior area of the building.
ing • Determine the load density according to type of the building (from tables / Codes or standards).
Area • Multiply interior area by its load density to get the estimated electrical load for this building.
Meth
od

2- • Divide the building into different spaces based on its function (for example, office, storage, mechanical,
Spac and corridor).
e by • Calculate the interior area of each space.
Spac • Determine the load density for each space (from tables).
e • Multiply each space interior area by its load density to get the estimated electrical load for this space.
Meth
od

• Divide the whole building loads into different types (for example, Lights, Power, mechanical
3- • Calculate the interior area of each building
Load • Determine the load density based on the building type (from tables).
Type • Multiply interior area by each load type density to get the estimated electrical load for this building.
Meth
od
 Space by Space
This method is more accurate as it calculates the utilized area of each application
inside the building and multiply with a number that is specialized for this application

APPLICATION AREA VA/m2 D.F VA

SHOP 1 20.3 95 0.7 1350.0
SHOP 2 22.67 95 0.7 1507.6
STAIRS 2 12.42 15 0.3 55.9
STAIR 3 12.42 15 0.3 55.9
MEN Sitting area 76.45 95 0.75 5447.1
ELEC ROOM 5.4 50 0.75 202.5
MALE TOILET 14.76 50 0.75 553.5
HC TOILET 3 50 0.75 112.5
LOBBY 3.63 60 0.8 174.2
PANTRY 13.6 95 0.7 904.4
ADMINISTRATION 174.21 180 0.7 21950.5
lift lobby 26.25 60 0.8 1260.0
corridor 77.12 60 0.8 3701.8
stair 1 20.78 15 0.3 93.5
parking 232.57 30 0.8 5581.7 3
4
 Second step
• Add the total Mechanical loads of HVAC system + plumping system + elevators + low current systems:

total connected total connected demand

LOAD TYPE KW P.F KVA factor total demand KVA

CHILLERS 1029 0.85 1210.59 0.8 968.47

SMOKE 1.5 0.85 1.76 1 1.76

F.A.H. U 92.5 0.85 108.82 0.8 87.06

EX-FAN 41.3 0.85 48.59 1 48.59

PRESSURE 27 0.85 31.76 1 31.76

CAP.CHILLED WATER 31 0.85 36.47 0.8 29.18

W. S 30 0.85 35.29 0.7 24.71

JOKEY PUMP 45.3 0.85 53.29 1 53.29

ELEVATOR 72 0.85 84.71 0.3 25.41

LOWCURRENT 80 0.85 94.12 1 94.12

HVAC 865 0.85 1017.65 1 1017.65

Total Demand load 2382 KVA 5

 Total D.L
 Demand load for light and power loads =1170568.9 VA

 The total Demand load =1170.5689+2382=3552.58 KVA

 The loading factor of dry transformer = 0.9.

 The required Transformer = 3552.58 /0.9=3947.2987 KVA

 So, we will get 3 transformers each one =1.6 MVA

6
INTRODUCTIION

-According to Code (CIBSE)

LIGHTING LEGEND
CAD Example from our project
Switches Of The Luminaires

 Each of normal and emergency

luminaires must have its own
switch.
 Corridors, public WC and public
lobbies and stairs must be
controlled from LCP.
 If there are two entry doors for
the same room, two-way switch
must be used.
 Correct placement for switches
(120 cm height and 30 cm away
from the door).
One Way_ One Gang Two Way_ One Gang

Lighting control panel (LCP)

Panel schedule
Mechanical Electrical
pluming
.
 Mechanical loads
Equipment Number EQU KVA for Each
• In upper and lower roof there are 3ph
loads and we feed them by using and we
use MCC panel for them such:
• And different types of exhaust fans we use FAHU 1 78.125
EMCC panel for them.
chiller 3 428.75
• And Eight elevators in lower roof each(12
KVA) feed from (3PH Isolator) / EMCC. primary pump 3 9.375

secondary pump 3 18.75

Mechanical loads

• In ground floor there are 3PH loads and we feed them by using (3ph isolator) and we use EMCC
PANEL for them such:
• (jockey pump-booster pump-water pumps).
• In the service floors (restaurant-praying-service) and parking there are AHUs(MCC) /ex fans(EMCC).
• In the typical floors (1-17) there are 1ph loads (FCU) we use 1ph isolator and we use power panel to
feed them
• Home run for isolator (no of poles/A/V/50hz)for ….KVA OR KW.
• No of poles (2p for 1ph) and (4p for 3ph).
• Current= kVA/root 3 *voltage or kw/root 3 * pf(o.8)*voltage.
• Voltage (220v 1ph) and (380v 3ph).
• 50hz in Egypt.
CAD Example from our project
CAD Example from our project

Primary & sec Chiller

Pressurization fan
Design of Power
industrial Plugs
& Receptacles .

Types of
sockets

Power plugs
&
Receptacles
.

Design of
sockets
according to
Egyptian code.

Main
kitchen and
laundry
room loads.

Hotel
Laundry
Room.

Main
Kitchen &
Laundry
Room CAD.
 Weather proof Shaver sockets
single sockets Furniture Mounted Socket
sockets

Types of sockets
Floor box sockets Industrial sockets Duplex sockets Triple sockets
 Some different types according to connections and feeders:
a. Power Socket
b. Ups sockets
c. Emergency sockets
 Methods of layout :
a. wall mounted
b. floor mounted

Floor mounted Wall mounted

 Industrial Plugs & Receptacles

 Industrial plugs and Receptacles provide a

connection to the electrical Loads rated at
higher currents than household plugs and
Receptacles.
 They are available in 3, 4 and 5 pin versions
(single phase and three phase), with ratings of
16 Amp, 32 Amp, 63 Amp and 125 Amp. They
are also color coded to allow easy identification
of one voltage rating from another.
 The rated value and applications according to
EGY-code .
 The color, rated voltage , rated currents , number of poles and the protection degree
 The ingress protection degree : it consists from two number, the first for protection
against solid objects from (1 to 6) and the second for protection against liquid from (1 to 8),
as shown .We used IP67
 ‫‪Design of sockets according to Egyptian code‬‬
‫(‪ )1‬يراعى عند استعمال عدد من مأخذ القوى بحجرة مساحتها ‪ 50‬مترا مربعا أو أقل موزعة على أكثر من دائرة فرعية نهائية‪ ،‬أن تكون‬
‫جميعها على نفس طور التيار‪.‬‬
‫وفي حالة الحجرات ذات المساحة أكبر من ذلك‪ ،‬إذا اقتضى األمر ضرورة توزيع المآخذ على دوائر فرعية نهائية تغذي من أطوار مختلفة من‬
‫مصدر التيار‪ ،‬يراعى تركيب المآخذ بحيث يخدم كل طور من أطوار التيار مساحة مستقلة بالحجرة وذلك لتفادي أن يلمس شخص جهازين يغذي‬
‫كل منهما من مأخذ على طور يخالف الطور المغذي للجهاز اآلخر‪ ،‬وفي هذه الحالة يجب تمييز غطاء كل مأخذ بعالمة طور التغذية‪.‬‬
‫(‪ )2‬يراعى في حالة استخدام مأخذ قوى ذات سعة ‪ 16‬أمبير فأكثر أن توصل كلمنها مباشرة بدائرة نهائية خاصة بها إلى لوحات المصاهر أو‬
‫القواطع‪ ،‬وإذا ما كانت هناك ضرورة لتوصيل أكثر من مخرج من هذا النوع على دائرة واحدة في مكان واحد يستخدم فيه جهاز واحد متنقل فال‬
‫يجب أن يزيد عدد المخارج عن أربعة‪.‬‬
‫(‪ )3‬يراعى عند استخدام مقابس أو مأخذ قوي على جانبي حائط أن تترك مسافة أفقية فيما بينهما مقدارها ‪۱۵۰‬مم على األقل لتجنب انتقال‬
‫الصوت من خاللها‪.‬‬
‫(‪ )4‬يجب أن تكون المقابس في الحمامات أو المطابخ أو ما يماثلها في أماكن بحيث ال تكون في متناول الذراع لشخص مبلل بالمياه‪.‬‬
‫(‪ )5‬يجب مراعاة اختيار درجة الحماية (‪ )IP‬المناسبة للمقبس في األماكن المعرضة للمياه أو األتربة‪.‬‬
‫(‪)6‬ال يسمح بوجود مقابس في حيز المغاطس وكبائن االستحمام‪.‬‬
‫(‪ )7‬حظر تركيب المقابس أفقية على أسطح ترابيزات المعامل أو ما يشابهها لمنع دخول الماء بداخلها‪.‬‬
Practical part
Practical part Continue

Guest Room in typical floors

Main Kitchen & Laundry Room Loads

We have got these loads sheet from a big old

project like what we are working on and
some catalogues from the suppliers.
Hotel Laundry Room
 Hotel Laundry Room Continue

So we used in our main kitchen three hardmount washer extractors and three
dryers.
Main Kitchen & Laundry
in Service Floor
Bulk Equipment
 RMU

MEDIUM VOLTAGE
SWITCH GEAR

TRANSFORMER

CONTENT
GENERATOR

ATS

UPS
 Ring main unit (RMU)
According to EDC in egypt

• 22KV, AIS

• 630A LBS

• (3+0)

• 20 KA for 1 sec
 Meduim voltage switch gear (MVSG)

according to (IEC 62271-

200)&EDC in Egypt.

• AIS ,PM.

• 22KV, 7 cells .

• CB 630A ,SF6 and 25KA for 3

seconds.

• LSC2B

• IAC : AFLR
 Transformer
Elsweedy Catalouge
3 transformers are used in our project
• Dry type
• 1600 KVA
• Loading factor 90%
• Copper winding
• 22KV/.4KV
• Imepdance 6% per unit
• DYn11
• Tr(1) =1526.25 KVA (16th+17th +Lower roof) .
• Tr (2)=1563.58KVA(from 9th to 15th +lower roof)
• Tr(3) =1280.8KVA(from ground to 8th+Emergency
loads)
 Generator
cumins guide
• Standby Generator (diesel Generator)

• total demand load = 472.12KVA

• Generator loading factor will be 70%

• Demand load after loading 690KVA

• Rating of generator 706KVA

• With Acoustic treatment.

 Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
Eaton catalouge

• Ensure the continuous delivery of electrical power

from one of two power sources to a connected
load.

• ATS sizing

• Generator rating =706KVA

• ATS sizing = 1200A

• No. of poles = 4 poles.

• 2 out of 3
 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

From socomec catalouge

• Rectifier+inveter+batteries +STS+bypass

• 60KVA Online UPS.

• Backup time 10 minutes.

• Efficiency 98%.

• 380-400V.

• IGBT technology then ensure unity PF.

Calculations
.
MV NETWORK SHORT CIRCUIT LEVEL
FROM EGY CODE

From EGY code we can know

the SC LEVEL of MV network
depending on (network voltage)
Transformer SC Calculation

-In our project we use 3

transformers each 1600KVA so
the full load of it is 2430.9A

-Z(PU)=6%

-I(SC)=2430.9/0.06=40KA

-I(SC)standard= 50KA

-I(SC)(MDB)=50KA (neglect sc of
the bus raiser according to egy
code)
MDB SC CALCULATION

I(SC)(MDB)=50KA
(neglect SC of the bus raiser or bus duct according to EGY code)
 EXAMPLE -Cable Sizing
At ground floor: (LP)

For LP
 Load power=3.05 KVA
 Load current ()===4.64 A
 =1,25*=1.25*4.64=5.8 A
 (standard)=16 A (according to IEC standard)
Derating factors
DF (soil Thermal resistivity) =1 (in case of free in air)
DF (buried depth) =1 (in case of free in air)
DF (ambient temperature at 35c) =1.05
DF (grouping factor) =0.89 (no of neighboring cables 4, and 3 layers) (from el-Sewedy power cables page 19)
Total DF=1*1*1.05*0.89=0.934
===17.12 A
EXAMPLE-Cable Sizing
At ground floor: (LP)

 So cable rating from el-sewedy

power cable page 63
 0.6/1 (1,2) KV:
 Cable rating=89 A
 (4*16m)CU/XLPE/PVC+(1*16m)
EXAMPLE-Short circuit calculation
at ground floor (LP)

Cable resistance from catalogue = 1.47 Ohm/Km. (at 16m )

Cable resistance = (R=57.33 ohm)
(no of parallel cables=1 and length=39m)
(X = 3.12 ohm.)
= 57.4148 ohm
+Z MBD +Z TR= 64.4779556 ohm
= 3.41KA. (In duration = 0.3 sec)
 EXAMPLE- Voltage Drop Calculations
at ground floor (LP)

CSA=16m

• The cable actual length = 34.4 m

• The value of (mV/AMP/Meter)(from El-SEWEDY

cables page 24) = 1.982
 MV/AMP/Meter/ NO. of parallel cables = 1.982
 Voltage drop = V.D = mv * L * I /1000 = 0.31638 V
 Voltage drop accumulative = V.D DP +V.D-
SMDB=1.02825
 V.D%= V.D (%) = VD *100 /380 = 0.27%.
HIGH % VD

1- According to NEC

3- EGY CODE

2-According to IEC
CABLE ROUTING
.
CABLE ROUTING TYPE

In our project we use cable

tray type

-Cables are installed on cable trays

free in air

-Examples from CAD

CABLE TRAY SIZING
IN OUR PROJECT -(example from ground floor)

-the sizing of cable tray depends on the diameter of the cables

(we get diameter from EL-Sewedy catalogue page 63)

-Distance between to cables is the same as the biggest diameter

Of them and from sides we take half of cable diameter

SLD
Power factor
correction
 Power factor correction

1.Increase the Reactive power available to the

distribution transformers. S=
2.Limit energy losses in the cables by (limiting
voltage drops)
3.save energy
According to Legrand Catalogue.
Power factor correction
 It is required to improve the power factor from 0.8
to 0.97 for

1.MDB1 = 1152 KVA. → P1= 921.6KW

2.MDB2 =1407.23 KVA. → P2= 1125.784KW
3.MDB3 = 1373.62 KVA. → P3= 1098.896KW

From table (tan φ1 – tan φ2) = 0.499 for (PF 0.8 to

0.97).
Power factor correction
 For Fixed value:
2% From KVA of Transformer according to Schneider guide
 For Variable value:
 Depend on the load variations nature.

 Types of steps (12.5 , 20 ,25 , 35 &50) KVAR

QC = P (tan φ1 – tan φ2)

1. Qc1 = 0.5 * 921.6 = 452 KVAR
so capacitor bank =500KVAR
(1*50) + (4*25+7*50) = 1 steps*50 +( 5 Steps*50 KVAR+6 Steps*25 KVAR

2. Qc2 = 562.892KVAR
Capacitor bank =600KVAR
(1*50) +(11*50) = 1 steps*50 +( 7 Steps*50 KVAR + 4 steps*25KVAR)

3. Qc3 = 549.448KVAR
capacitor bank =550 KVAR
(1*50) + (7*50+4*25) = 1 steps* 50 +(9 STEPS*50 KVAR+2 Steps*25 KVAR).
Power factor correction
MDB Qc In IC.B
MDB1 500KVAR 877.5A 1250A

MDB2 600KVAR 900A 1250A

MDB3 550KVAR 900A 1250A

Earthing System
According to BS 7430 &
EGY code
 Earthing System

1 Earthing objective

2 Earthing Systems Components

3
3 Earthing system constructions

4 Design earthing system

64
1. OBJECTIVE OF EARTHING

to assure safety to personnel during normal and fault conditions.

To prevent correct operation of electrical/electronic devices

To avoid damage to electrical/electronic apparatus

To dissipate dissipate lightning strokes.

65
2 . Earthing systems construction
 TT
A TT system has a solidly earthed
source; the exposed-conductive-parts
of the consumer’s installation are
earthed through an installation earth
electrode which is electrically
independent of the source earth.
IT
An IT system has the source either
connected to earth through an
Earthing impedance or is isolated
(Insulated) from the earth. All of the
exposed conductive parts of an
installation are connected to an earth
electrode in a similar manner to a TT
arrangement.
 TN-S
In a TN-S the Neutral and
Protective conductors
should be kept separate
throughout the system and
the source is solidly earthed.
TN-C
a TN-C system the neutral
and protective functions
should be combined in a
single conductor (PEN)
throughout the entire
system. Multiple
connections to earth are
recommended along the
PEN conductor .

TN-C-S
In a TN-C-S system the neutral and
protective functions should be combined
in a single conductor (PEN) from the
source (solidly earthed) up to the
Consumer’s intake
then, the neutral & PE are separated
3.Components of Earthing System
1-Earthing rods or earthing electrodes, earth bar and the earthing conductor.
2-Protective bonding conductors.
3-Circuit protective conductors
 C.S.A of earthing
conductor

Design of earthing
Resistance of
earthing conductor

system
Resistance for one
rod or parallel rods

Resistance of
equivalent system
Cross section area
of bonding
conductor
 Design of Earthing System
From the BS-7430-1998 and Egyptian code-earthing part

1. Calculate the CSA of Earthing conductor

 Design of Earthing System
-2calculation of the resistance of earth conductor

For Parallel earth conductor

Resistance of earth conductor RC
 Design of Earthing System
-3Calculate the Resistance of one earth Rod
The resistance, R, expressed in ohms , of a vertical electrode surrounded by an infill of
material such as bentonite or concrete is given approximately by the following equation
 Design of Earthing System
-4Calculate the Resistance of parallel Rods

The combined resistance of rod electrodes in parallel Rn, expressed in ohms can be obtained from the following equation
 Design of Earthing System
5-Calculate the Resistance of equivalent System

𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑∗ 𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡=
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑+𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠
• Substation Rtot 2 ohm

• Non-conducting metals Rtot 5 ohm

• Lightning Rtot 10 ohm

• Low current Rtot = 0.5:1 ohm

• EC, Rtot=2 ohm and 5 ohm

 Design of Earthing System
6-Calculate the CSA of Circuit protective conductors

according to Guide to the wiring regulations 17th edition( BS 7671:2008)

Circuit Protective Bonding Protective

Line CSA
Conductor Conductor

S mm2 S S/2 (not less than 6 mm2)

16<S35 mm2 16 mm2 10 mm2

S>35 mm2 S/2 S/4 (not exceed 25 mm2)

Example from our project
Example from our project
lightning
 Risk Assessment Calculation

• The risks to be evaluated in a structure may be as follows:

o R1: risk of loss of human life.
o R2: risk of loss of service to the public.
o R3: risk of loss of cultural heritage.

• In our project, we will calculate R1 only which is important to the hotel

building.
 R1 = RA + RB + RU + RV

• As per IEC 62305-2,

the typical values of
tolerable risk RT are :

81
• From the calculations, our project
needs LPS level 2.
 Lightning
Protection System

1. Air 2. Down 3. Earth

termination system conductor system termination system
 1. Air termination system
a) The rolling sphere method
• Air rods will ensure that the sphere does not come
into contact with any part of the structure’s roof.
b) Mesh Method
• This is the method that is most commonly used.
• Four different air termination mesh sizes are defined
and correspond to the relevant Class of LPS.
c) Protective angle Method

• h : height of an air-termination rod

• α : The protection angle corresponds to
the air-termination height
• The separation distance :
• 𝑠 = 0.06 * 0.44 /1 * 92 = 2.4 m
• So to protect the equipment in the
roof, we used air rods L = 4 m & α =
67.1
• 11 air rods to protect 3 chillers, AHU,
& the rooms in the roof.
• We used commination between the protection angle method & mesh,
providing protection to items protruding from the plane surface.
• On structures taller than 60 m, flashes to the side may occur.
2. Down Conductors System

• Typical values of the preferred distance between

down-conductors are given in the following Table
:
• LPS is level 2, so the d = 10.
3. Earth termination System

• An overall earth termination system of 10 ohms or less is obligated by the standards.

For earth-termination systems, two basic types of earth electrode arrangements apply :

a)Type A arrangement : horizontal or vertical earth electrodes installed outside the

structure.

b)Type B arrangement : a ring conductor external to the structure to be protected, forming

a closed loop.

• We have 21 down conductor, so

we need 21 electrode.
• In our project, we use type b arrangements to achieve the resistance of the soil < 10
ohm & to limit the area.

• The ring electrode should be about 1m away from the external walls of the structure.

• the radius of the ring from this equation :

• Area of ground = 951.54 m^2

• R= √951.54/π = 17.4 m
BMS INTRO & SLD
BUILDING MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Controlling Feld device
Work station level level
(Main computer) DDC 1- FCU
1- Monitoring 1- Compact 2- AHU
2- Sending & receiving data . 2- Modular 3- EX-FANS
4- CHILLERS
5- MDB
6- UPS
7- ELEVATORS
8- PRES FAN
9- GENERATORS
10- ATS

93
 CONTROLLING LEVEL
DDC (DIRECT DIGITAL
CONTROL

Compact Modular
 Work • BACNET/IP
Station
CAT 6
RG45

TCP/IP • BACNET/IP

Static IP
DDC
• LON TALK
• MODBUS

Panel
• BACNET/MSTP
• BACNET/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCP/IP

96
 BMS SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
A. Incoming of TCP/IP CAT 6 cable RG45.
B. TCP/IP (Router) from IT room gives the controllers a static IP.
C. DDC can communicate with all the used protocols (BACNET IP, BACNET/MSTP, LON TALK and
MODBUS).
D. For FCU we used the thermostat as a I/O module for AS-P.
E. For LON TALK protocol we can connect from 50 to 70 device with AS-P.
F. Best practice we shouldn’t use more than 60 device.
• BACNET/IP : Building Automation Control Network
• BACNET/MSTP: Master Slave Transmission Protocol
• LON TALK: Local Operating Network

97
BMS SYSTEMS
 SYSTEMS THAT WE CONTROL

CHILLERS SMOKE
1 FAN

AHU FCU

BMS SYSTEMS
EXAUHST PRESURIZATION
FAN FAN
FCU AHU
101
FAN COIL UNIT

102
AIR HANDLING UNIT

103
DDC Panel
 content

1 1

2 3
Specifications for Card

3 Total DDC Panel

105
Add an image
Earthing System

1 I/O Points calculation

2 DDC Panel Card

3
3 Card Specification

4 Power Budget

106
 Required Points
Item Qty. Point Description Remarks
AI DI AO DO
AHU
HEATER ON/OFF CONTROL 1
1 OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE SENSOR 1
2 OUTSIDE AIR DAMPER CONTROL 1
3 OUTSIDE AIR DAMPER FEEDBACK 1
4 RETURN AIR DAMPER FEEDBACK 1
5 RETURN AIR DAMPER CONTROL 1
6 MIXED AIR DUCT TEMPERATURE SENSOR 1
7 FILTER STATUS 1
8 COOLING COIL VALVE POSITION FEEDBACK 1
9 COOLING COIL VALVE CONTROL 1
10 1s t STAGE HEATER CONTROL
11 2nd STAGE HEATER CONTROL
12 1 SUPPLY FAN RUN STATUS 1
13 SUPPLY FAN TRIP/FAULT ALARM 1
14 SUPPLY FAN START/STOP 1
15 SUPPLY FAN AIR FLOW STATUS 1
16 SUPPLY AIR DUCT DAMPER OPEN/CLOSE CONTROL 1
17 SUPPLY AIR DUCT DAMPER OPEN/CLOSE STATUS 1
18 SUPPLY AIR DUCT TEMPERATURE SENSOR 1
19 SUPPLY AIR DUCT HUMDITY SENSOR 1
20 SUPPLY FAN AIR DUCT SOMKE ALARM 1
21 RETURN AIR DUCT CARBON DIOXIDE SENSOR 1
22 DUCT SMOKE DETECTION STATUS 1
23 RETURN AIR DUCT HUMDITY 1
24 RETURN AIR DUCT TEMPERATURE 1
25 SUPPLY AIR DUCT STATIC PRESSURE 1
Total I/O Points 12 6 4 2 24
20% Spare I/O Points 2 1 1 0 4
Total AHU Points 28
Total points 12 6 4 2 24
Total spare 2 1 1 0 4
Total Phys ical I/O Points 24
Total Spare I/O Points 4
FLOW CHART