CARBON CHEMISTRY

Hamza Abu Hilail

M.Sc. Physiology
 CARBON CHEMISTRY

Organic
chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds.
CH is the simplest organic compound.
4

Carbon has 6 electrons with 4 single electrons

in its valence shell.
Carbon can share its 4 electrons with other
atoms (CH4) and make double bonds with
others (CO2).
CARBON CHEMISTRY

• All
organic compounds has carbon
skeleton.
• Carbon skeletons are varied in length
some are consist of one carbon atom like
CH4. Some has more than one carbon like
ethane (C2H6) or butane (C4H10).
• Carbonskeletons are varied in shape
some found in straight chains others
found branched (2-Methylpropane) or
even found in ring shape like benzene
and cyclohexane.
CARBON CHEMISTRY

• Hydrocarbonsare organic
compounds consist of carbon
and hydrogen only.

• Hydrocarbonsare major
components of petroleum.

• Hydrocarbons can gives

relatively large amount of
energy.
 CARBON CHEMISTRY

• Dueto variation in the architecture of

organic molecules isomers are found.

• Compounds that have the same numbers

of atoms of the same elements but with
different structure are called isomers.

1- Structural isomers: differ in the

covalent arrangement or partner.
 The Isomers
2- Geometric isomers:
same covalent partner but
different arrangement of
atoms attached to skeleton
atoms.

cis if they were in the same

side and trans if they were
opposite sides..
The Isomers

3- Enantiomers: isomers that are mirror

images of each other.
• Chemical groups are important in the
function biological molecules:
1. Hydroxyl OH
2. Carboxyl COOH
3. Amino NH2
4. Carbonyl CO
5. Methyl CH3
The molecules of life
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. nucleic acids
4. lipids

• They are called

macromolecules because
of their large size.
 The molecules of life
• Macromolecules are a repeat of small molecules or units
called monomers (except lipids).

• The repeat of monomers should give the macromolecules or

polymers.

• Synthesis of polymers from smaller molecules or monomers

involves:
 building new bonds (storage energy)
 condensation reaction (dehydration) (H2O) production.
 The molecules of life
Breakdown (disassembled) of polymers to smaller units or
monomers involves
breaking bonds (release energy)
hydrolysis (H2O consuming)

Both dehydration and hydrolysis are facilitated by enzymes.

Enzymes are also a macromolecules.

The synthesis and breakdown of polymers