POPULATION STUDIES

 SCOPE OF THE TOPIC

 RELEVANCE eg COVID SCOURGE and global

impacts!!!

 KEY TERMS BR DR, NIP, MIGRATION, DECLINE.

IMR, LIFE EXPECTANCY, DEPENDENCY LOAD.
 POPULATION PARAMETERS
 BR: Education, gvt policy, religion, contraceptives, culture,
livelihoods,

 DR: Diet, gvt policy, wars, diseases, hazards, livelihoods,

 IMR: maternal health, nutrition, gvt policy,

 LIFE EXPECTANCY: government policy, Sanitation,

housing, nature of occupation, literacy, income
 DEPENDENCY LOAD:
 POPULATION DEBATES
 Population growth is detrimental to development

 Population growth is beneficial to development

 Population growth is not related to development.

POPULATION DATA
 POPULATION EXERCISE

 1.Compare and contrast the variations in life expectancy between Zimbabwe and
Uganda between 1955 to 2005 ( 5 mks)
 2.Suggest possible reasons for the changes in life expectancy in either Uganda Or
Zimbabwe between 1955 and 2005 ( 5 mks).
 3.Explain why natural population growth is still high in many LICs (5 mks)
POPULATION GROWTHS
 NIP =BR- DR  FACTORS
INFLUENCING
POPULATION
GROWTH PATTERNS
 ZERO = BR=DR
- Gvt Policy
- Wars and Hazards
 POPN Decline =DR >BR
- Literacy
- Culture and Religion
 OVERALL=BR- DR+
Migration.
- Level of Development
- Epidemics
 POPULATION TRENDS
 Population trends in LICS
-Population explosion
-Agrarian societies
-Poverty& lack of
entertainment.
-Low literacy rates
-Green revolution
-Poor use of contraceptives
-Industrialization
DEBATE
 Population trends in HICS
-Population decline
-Affluence
-Change in attitudes
-Prevalent use of
contraceptives
-Gvt policies
-Degerative diseases
POPULATION GROWTH PATTERNS
 A positive growth rate indicates that the
population is increasing, while a negative growth
rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A
growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the
same number of individuals at the beginning and
end of the period—a growth rate may be zero
even when there are significant changes in
the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and
age distribution between the two times.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH

 Fertility Rate
 The factor which affects the growth of the population in the
biggest way is the fertility rate. The fertility rate is typically
measured by the number of children per one woman of
child-bearing age. If the fertility rate is larger than 2, the rule
of thumb is that the population should rise, as there are more
children than their parents. On the other hand, if this ratio is
below 2, the population of the region may be destined for a
decline.
CONTINUATION
 Mortality Rate
 A key factor affecting the growth of the
population is the death, or mortality, rate. Just as
the birth of new people increases the population
size, deaths decrease it. The factors that affect the
mortality rate include the availability and
affordability of quality health care and lifestyle
habits – for example, whether they smoke or do
physical exercises regularly.
CONTINUATION
 Immigration and Emigration
 Cross-border migration is the act of people moving from
one country to another. It affects the population size of both
the host and destination countries. Emigration is caused by
a number of factors, such as fleeing war, finding education,
seeking new jobs or joining family members. When a
person emigrates from a country, its population shrinks.
When someone moves to a country from another place, it is
known as immigration. Whether or not a person is allowed
to immigrate is controlled by the country that will host this
person.
CONTINUATION
 Government Restrictions
 There are some people in the world, including politicians, who believe that
some countries need to have a birth rate restriction -- in fact, China already
has its widely-known one-child policy. Such a restriction would prevent
couples from being able to have more than the restricted amount of
children. The argument goes that this type of restriction would cause fewer
resources to be used and prevent overpopulation. A two-child policy is a
government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the
payment of government subsidies only to the first two children. It has
previously been used in Vietnam. In British Hong Kong in the 1970s,
citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit
(although it was not mandated by law), and it was used as part of the
region's family planning strategies. Since 2016, it has been implemented
in China, replacing the country's previous one-child policy.
 DEVELOPMENT
 Economic development. Countries who are in the early
stages of economic development tend to have higher rates of
population growth. In agriculturally based societies,
children are seen as potential income earners. From an early
age, they can help with household tasks and collecting the
harvest. Also, in societies without state pensions, parents
often want more children to act as an insurance for their old
age. It is expected children will look after parents in old age.
Because child mortality rates are often higher, therefore
there is a need to have more children to ensure the parents
have sufficient children to look after them in old age.
 SOCIAL FACTORS
 Education. In developed countries, education is usually
compulsory until the age of 16. As education becomes
compulsory, children are no longer economic assets – but
economic costs. In the US, it is estimated a child can cost
approx $230,000 by the time they leave college. Therefore,
the cost of bringing up children provides an incentive to
reduce family size.
 Social and cultural factors. India and China (before one
family policy) had strong social attachments to having
large families. In the developed world, smaller families are
the norm.
 CONTINUATION
 Availability of family planning. Increased
availability of contraception can enable women to
limit family size closer to the desired level. In the
developing world, the availability of contraception
is more limited, and this can lead to unplanned
pregnancies and more rapid population growth. In
Africa in 2015, it was estimated that only 33% of
women had access to contraception. Increasing rates
would play a role in limiting population growth.
ADVANTAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH
 Economic Growth
The growth of population equates to
increased purchases of items such as
clothing, educational material, food and
other household goods. In addition,
increased number of family members
encourages the movement of families
into larger houses. This results in
increased trade, which in essence
supports several sectors of the economy
like manufacturing, agriculture,
construction and home improvement
industries.
 Moreover, an increased population
translates to an increase in tax revenue.
This enables the government to have
easy access to resources for its normal
operations, security and infrastructural
development.
 Availability of Labour
Population growth causes an increase in
labour force. This ensures efficient utilization
of resources and optimal productivity in
sectors such as agriculture and
manufacturing. Availability of labour is an
essential tool for economic development.
 Innovation
Population growth encourages innovations in
fields such as medicine, agriculture and
production. This is because more great minds
results in more innovations. In addition,
population growth has led to a greater
consciousness for more industrial and
agricultural productivity to meet the demand
of the large number of people. For example,
the assembly line was devised as an
adaptation for the need of more industrial
production.
DISADVANTAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH
 Environmental Degradation
Rising populations may lead to deforestation so
as to create more land for human settlement and
agriculture.
 An increased population translates to more
environmental pollution through release of
greenhouse gases from industrial machinery
and improper waste disposal. This results in
environmental degradation and may cause loss
of biodiversity and health complications.
 Unemployment
In some situations, rapid increase in population
may surpass the number of employment
opportunities created in the economy. This
results in widespread unemployment.
Unemployment has several negative effects in
the society such as increased crime rates,
political instability, reduced standards of
living and a decline in economic
development.
 Food Shortage
Unchecked population growth without an
equivalent agricultural development may lead to
food shortage. Factors such as reduced agricultural
land and environmental degradation contribute to
reduced agricultural yields, hence food shortage.
 Aging Dependency
Increased population growth coupled with high
life expectancy rates results in an increase in the
number of aged population. This leads to high
dependency rates, hence limiting economic
development.
 Property Shortage
Population growth encourages rural to urban
migration in search of better employment and
business opportunities. This leads to overcrowding
in urban areas, resulting in shortage of housing
and other social amenities. The shortage of
housing in some underdeveloped countries led to
the growth of informal settlements and slums.
 POPULATION GROWTH CASE STUDY: CHINA

 Rationale/ AIMS: broad aim to achieve optimum population/ balance with

resources and curtail poverty.

 Methods used to control population: anti-natalistic policy, education. Media, Use

of cadres, free contraceptives, Forced abortions. Incentives. Delayed marriages.
Sanctioned marriages.

 Results of growth control: Decline in population, Shortage of labour. Population

imbalances. Social upheavals/ abductions. Infanticide, forced marriages.
Abandoned land/ fields in rural.
 Evaluation/ criticisms: Worked to some extent but challenges compelled the
government to review the policy.

 Debate on population growth control.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN ZIMBABWE
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY
POPULATION STRUCTURE/ COMPOSITION.
 Sex ratio
 Age
 Fertility
 Life expectancy
 Birth Rate
 Death Rate
 Dependency load
 Proportion of children , EA and Aged
 Changes through time.
 POPULATION PYRAMIDS
 Age-sex graphs
 Distribution of population by age, sex,
 Reveal death rates, Birth rates, Life expectancy
 Pyramids reflect level of development
 Pyramids capture historical trends and incidences
eg wars.
 Population trends depict the geographical
influence of places/ migration etc.
POPULATION PYRAMID TYPES
 PROGRESSIVE POPULATION PYRAMID
 Typical of developing countries
 Broad base and tapering top
 High Birth and Death rates
 Reflective of countries in stages 1 & 2 of the
DTM.
 Low life expectancy
 Demographic expenses rather than capital
investment.
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF REGRESSIVE?:
 Returning to a former or less developed state.
 A regressive pyramid is a characteristic of an
advanced economy where there are proportionally
fewer children as compared to the aging population.
 Countries or places with this type of pyramid are at
the end of the final stage of the demographic
transition.
 Looks like an inverted pyramid.
 Cylindrically shaped .
CHARACTERISTICS:

 Declining birth rate;

 Low mortality rate;
 Low death rate;
 High life expectancy.

 As time goes generally leading to a fall in total

population hence why it is called regressive.
MIGRATION STUDIES
 SCOPE OF THE TOPIC
 Migration as a demographic process
 Key terms under migration
 Causes of migration & case studies
 Migration selectivity/ Differential
 Classification of migration
 Types of migration
 Models and theories of migration
 General impacts of migration
 Refugee movements , trends and effects.
 Management of Migration & Case studies.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING MIGRATION
 Demographic reasons
 Environmental issues
 Social and social space concerns
 Political and management burdens eg racial conflicts.
 Resource allocation and management

 Infrastructure provision eg residential suburbs

 Global and hot spot population issues.

 Epidemiological reasons and patterns eg COVID19.

QUESTION: ‘Migration is imperative’ Discuss

EVIDENCE OF MIGRATION
 Class based evidence

 Family evidence

 Community based evidence

 National evidence and data

 Historical basis and data

 Socio-cultural imprints eg religion, settlement designs, occupation
 QUE: Discuss the view that Migration is about risks taking”
KEY WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRATION

 Emigration
 Immigration
 Migration stream
 Efficiency of migration
 Migration selectivity
 Migration ratio
 Refugee
 Relay migration
 Step migration
 Chain migration
CLASSIFICATION OF MIGRATION
 HOW, WHY, WHO, WHAT, WHEN
 National vs International

 How it is occurring-chain or stepped

 Volume involved- stream or mass

 Composition of migration

 Mode of occurrence-rapid or gradual

 Causes of migration

 Distance travelled/ scale

 Selectivity of migration

 Duration of migration

 Origin vs destination.

QUESTION: Explain how types of migration are classified.

TYPES OF MIGRATION: INTERNAL MIGRATION

 URBAN-URBAN
 RURAL –RURAL

 INTRA-URBAN

 RURAL –URBAN

 URBAN- RURAL

 VILLAGE TO PLANTATION

 Petersen(1958) identified 5 generic typologies

 Primitive-naturally induced eg nomadism

 Forced-imposed

 Impelled-perceived threat

 Free migration- CBA by migrant

 Mass migration- scale and volume.

QUESTION: Explain why urban-rural migration occurs in LICs

MIGRATION IN BOLIVIA
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
 STATE TO STATE
 REGION TO REGION

 CONTINENT TO CONTINENT

 POLITICAL REFUGEE MOVEMENTS

 ECONOMIC REFUGEES eg inflation related movements.

 ENVIRONMENTAL REFUGEES eg desertification, drought

 SOCIAL REFUGEES eg religious and racial clashes( Nigeria)

QUESTION: With the help of examples, describe how

constraints, obstacles and barriers affect internal/ international
migrations.
MIGRATION AS A PROCESS
 Migration as a process is complex
 Information and patterns change over time

 Drive/ Motivator: social , economic etc

 Cost Benefit Analysis

 Decision making: Going solo or family members consultations.

 Resource mobilisation: information and capital

 Origin-Destination Experiences/ Intervening obstacles or

opportunities.
 Destination experiences: Cultural shocks, segregation, racism,

language issues, assimilation and adaptation.

QUE: Discuss why migration is complex.
 CAUSES OF MIGRATION
 Environmental triggers eg Hazards.
 Economic causes eg Labour migrations, income, jobs

 Social drivers eg education, health, entertainment facilities

 Religious movers- Nigerian clashes btwn Christians and

Moslems.
 Political circumstances- eg wars, civil unrest etc

 Government policies/programmes- Setting up national parks and

resettlement programmes.
QUESTION: To what extent are pull factors more important than
push factors in voluntary migration?
 MIGRATION SELECTIVITY
 Differential occurrence and selectivity influence of migration
 Population with unique socio-economic / demographic traits are
likely to migrate than others
 Age
 Marital status: single versus married.
 Gender/ Sex: males vs females
 Distance : Short distance vs long distances
 Race: preferences along racial lines
 Education: less literate vs literate.
 QUE: Discuss factors which cause some people to be more
migratory than others.
 MODELS OF MIGRATION

 Push-pull model (Lee’s model 1966)

 Ravenstein’s laws of migration:steps,distance, gender,migration
stream,volume,economic causes key.
 Todaro’s model ( Cost-benefit approach)
 Stark’s Economics of migration model: benefits on household
 Marxist/ Structuralist Theory: capitalism is the critical cause of
migration.

QUESTION: With aid of examples, assess the role of push-pull

model in explaining migration in LICs.
 MODELS OF MIGRATION
 QUESTIONS: ‘ Migration models serve no purpose’
Evaluate this contention.
 With reference to examples, describe and explain how

named models are relevant.

 Using examples, explain the role of the following in

migration:
-Systems approach
-intervening obstacles
-distance decay
-relay migration
 REFUGEE MOVEMENTS
 Recent displacement of people due to fear of persecution
 UNHCR formed to promote security of refugees.

 Political upheavals/ Wars

 Natural disasters

 Internal displacement

 Religious clashes

 Social unrest eg Xenophobic attacks

QUE: Using examples, explain causes and impacts of

refugee movements.
GENERAL IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
 Refer to internal  Refer to International
migration in Spain pg migration eg Polish
147 Fretwell et al migrants into UK pg161
Fretwell et al

QUE: Evaluate the extent to

which migration is a resource
accumulation process for the
origin.
 REFUGEE MOVEMENTS
 CAUSES
 PATTERNS
 DISTRIBUTION
 GLOBAL TRENDS
 NEW TRENDS
 GENERAL RESULTS
 MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Examples: Refugee movements in Afghanstan, Pakistan,

Sudan and Libya.
CASE STUDY: VOLUNTARY
 Pg 159 Fretwell et al Case Study: Migration of
Mexicans into USA.

 Pg 147v Fretwell et al Case Study: Urban-rural

Migration in Spain.
CASE STUDY : INVOLUNTARY
 Forced displacement in Syria and / Or
Afghanistan.

 Forced migration in SUDAN.

 Involuntary migration in DRC.

MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION
 Negative approaches eg pass laws, deportation,
bull dozer
 Accommodative methods eg urban skills devpt,
social welfare provision, up-grading
 Manipulative mechanisms eg growth poles,
colonization, decentralization
 Preventive methods eg addressing root causes eg
Land reform, infrastructure development
 REVISION: POPULATION STUDIES
• Explain why Birth rates are high in some LICs.
• Explain how and why education is a critical
factor in influencing fertility.
• Using an example you have studied, explain how
Government policy can influence population
growth .
• Explain factors influencing population
distribution and density.
 POPULATION STUDIES TEST
1,Define the following: Under population and Overpopulation.( 4 MKS)
2.Choose any example of international migration which you have studied
and name the countries between which people moved. Explain why many
people made the decision to migrate. You should refer both to pull and to
push factors ( 8 MKS)
3.Below is New Zealand’s population structure. Describe and explain its
characteristics.( 8 mks)