Systems theory is a holistic approach

to understanding a system and their

interactions.
It seeks to identify common
characteristics and patterns across
diverse systems to study
comprehensively a phenomena.

A system is a collection of interconnected and interrelated components that

work together to achieve a common function or goal.
• Synergy is the interactions between components of a system, which
enhances the result with co-op relationship. For instance, a chemical
reaction.
A process model is a systematic approach to
construction management that outlines the procedure
in planning, execution and monitoring of a project. A
common one is Project Life Cycle, which helps the
team to deliver the project efficiently.

Management functions are the key responsibilities

and activities that professionals perform to ensure
the project (process model) is properly executed.

Process model (PLC)

• Initiation Management function
• Planning • Scope
• Execution • Time
• Monitor • Cost
• Closing • Risk
• Quality
• Stakeholder (comm. & leadership)
International Standards are technical standards developed by experts belonging to
international organizations under the coordination of entities such as ISO, the
International Organization for Standardization.

• ensure that materials, products, processes, services, systems, or

persons are fit for their intended purpose
• It serves as a safety guard for the customer.
• They provide the technology to the government for healthy,
safety.
• They helps in transferring technology to developing countries.
 In systems development, two fundamental organizational
dimensions are often considered:

Structural Dimension

The structural dimension refers to the

organizational framework and hierarchy
within which systems development takes
place. It involves the formal organizational
structure, roles and responsibilities, and
reporting relationships.

Cultural Dimension

The cultural dimension focuses on the organizational culture and values that
influence how systems development is approached and carried out within the
organization.
• Management systems termed "soft" systems refer to approaches and methodologies that are used
to address complex, unstructured, and often human-centric problems within organizations. These
soft systems methodologies (SSMs) are designed to tackle issues that do not have well-defined
solutions, such as organizational change, decision-making processes, and human behavior in the
workplace. Soft systems methodologies emphasize the human and social aspects of management
and problem-solving.

Soft systems may turn to formal systems or

take on more structured approaches for
several reasons, depending on the specific
context and goals of the organization or
problem-solving process.
The common elements of all management systems

• planning
• organizing
• leading
• controlling
The document pyramid is a concept used in document and information management systems to
classify and prioritize documents based on their importance, accessibility, and retention
requirements. It helps organizations organize and manage their documents efficiently. The document
pyramid typically consists of three primary levels or components:

Strategic Level

Tactical Level

Operational Level