WHAT CAN YOU OBSERVED IN THE

PICTURE?
 Literature reinvents itself as it changes its form to
adapt to the changing times and changing trends;
especially for the young people like you. The
need to express oneself gave birth to literature and
humanity never got contented on their attempt to
express themselves resulting to new genres like
hyperpoetry, mobile textula, flash fiction, chick
lit, and, blogs.
GENRE SUB- ELEMEN STRUCTURE
GENRE TS
Lyric (sonnet, Rhyme, meter, Written in lines and
ode, elegy), figurative stanzas
POETRY dramatic devices, 2 lines- couplet
(soliloquy, symbolism 3 lines –tercet
monologue, 4 lines – quatrain
dialogue), and 5 lines - cinquain
narrative 6 lines – sestet
(epic) 7 lines - septet
8 lines - octave
GENRE SUB- ELEMEN STRUCTURE
GENRE TS
Fantasy,
folklore, plot,
Fiction mystery, characters,
(stories that suspense or theme setting,
did not thriller, point-of-view, Written in paragraphs
happen in historical literary devices
reality fiction,
science
fiction,
romance
GENRE SUB- ELEMEN STRUCTURE
GENRE TS
bibliography,
references
(encyclopedia,
plot,
Nonfiction dictionary, characters,
(factual thesaurus), theme setting,
stories, with autobiography, point-of-view, Written in paragraphs
narrative (memoir,
real testimonial), and literary devices
characters periodicals
and setting) (newspapers,
magazines, journal
that are written
regularly)
GENRE SUB- ELEMENTS STRUCTURE
GENRE

Literary element
(script), Technical
element, (scenery
Tragedy (set),make-up,
Comedy costume, lights, and The script serves as
DRAMA sound) performance the text and it is
element (acting, performed before an
character analysis, audience
character
motivation…)
 POETRY
Poetry is one of the earliest genres of literature. It was
either recited or sang back to prehistoric times to call for
help from a deity, narrate a hero’s life and victories, tell
about the love story of their rulers, or describe someone
who inspires them. In order to understand or even write a
good poem, you must know the elements of poetry:
 RHYME
it is the identical rhyme if the last words or sounds
match each other.
alliteration : followed, flats, front
bother, back

assonance: big, slipper picked, slimy

 METER
it is also called the rhythm in poetry. It
is the pattern of beats ( foot) (stressed
and unstressed syllables in a line). It is
also called foot.
There are four basic rhythms in
poetry:
2.1 Iamb -unstressed / stressed (buh
BUH )
buh BUH/ buh BUH
Today, / we live /
 There are four basic rhythms in
poetry:
2.2. Trochee- stressed / unstressed
(BUH buh)
BUH buh /BUH buh/ BUH buh
Captain/ it’s gone/ hold it
 There are four basic rhythms in
poetry:
2.3. Anapest- unstressed / unstressed /
stressed. ( buh buh BUH )
buh buh BUH / buh buh BUH
If I cry / If I leave
 There are four basic rhythms in
poetry:
2.4. Dactyl- stressed / unstressed /
unstressed (BUH buh buh )
BUH buh buh / BUH buh buh / BUH buh buh
Carnage is / horrible / heritage
Imagery and Symbolism
The beauty of poetry is on the carefully
chosen words that rhyme and the lines and
stanzas with uniform rhythm. Poetry must
also employ figurative language to
creatively express emotions, feeling and
ideas.
 Metaphor
Direct comparison of two
unlike things.

Ex. He is a strong lion.

 Simile
Two unlike things compared to
each other using “like” or “as”.

Ex. He is strong like a lion.

 Onomatopoeia
Words that imitate a sound

Ex. The gushing of wind and

gnashing of teeth
 Alliteration
The repetition of the same initial
sound of the words.

Ex. Be brave, be boundless Beauty is

a bouquet of blue baby’s breath
 Assonance
The resemblance of a sound in
words or syllable.

Ex. Who knows how hollows

snore.
 Repetition
A word, a phrase, or a sentence
repeated to emphasize its
importance in the entire text.
Ex. Not yet Rizal, Not yet….
 Synedoche
A part is made to represent the
whole or vice-versa

Ex. Hundred heads of cattle

bought at a good price.
 Personification
Giving human attributes to an
object or animal

Ex. The wind spoke of hope and

redemption.
 Hyperbole
It exaggerates the meaning of a
sentence.

Ex. I am so thirsty that I could

drink an ocean.
 SYMBOLS
It is the use of symbols to convey ideas. A
symbol represents various ideas or things at
one time. Like darkness or color black may
symbolize death, uncertainty, failure, or an end.
A white rose may mean purity, freshness, new
beginning, or death.
EXAMPLES
Example : The cold wind blew my
heartaches away

(the cold wind can mean inspiring

words, new ideas, new hope)
 EXAMPLES
The warm sunshine filled my
emptiness with joy .
(the warm sunshine can mean a person whom
the author loves, or an event that made him be
filled with joy)
To appreciate and write a good poem, it is also essential to know its
structure. Poems are written in lines that comprise a stanza. Thus,
each type of poem differs from each other because of its structure.

To identify a poem’s structure is to count the lines of every stanza:

Couplet - 2 lines
Tercet – 3 lines
Quatrain – 4 lines
Cinquain - 5 lines
Sestet - 6 lines
Septet - 7 lines
Octave - 8 lines
The given poem is free-verse and unmetered. It has no rhythm
but it uses alliteration, assonance, repetition, and symbolism.

alliteration :
followed, flats, front
bother, back
dived, direction
horizon, hiding
perhaps, parrotfish
The given poem is free-verse and unmetered. It has no rhythm
but it uses alliteration, assonance, repetition, and symbolism.

assonance:
big, slipper
picked, slimy
body, forgot, to
 symbols:
moon - dreams to be fulfilled, fulfilled dreams,
inspiration
horizon - a place to find or to keep your dreams, a place
which promises good fortune or good life
parrotfish - a gay/ LGBTQ member because of its color -
an ungrateful person - someone passive - someone who
has a very colorful life - an experienced person - a person
who picks up someone else’s trash
 FICTION
Fiction is a story of make believe. It is a story made
by the author’s creative imagination. It has various
sub-genres like mystery, fantasy, suspense, historical
fiction science fiction, realistic fiction and folklore
(myths, fables, legends).
 FICTION
To understand fiction and to write a good
fictional story, you must be able to identify and
understand its elements that comprise the texts’
contents and message the story wanted to impart
to its readers.
Fiction follows the Freytag’s Pyramid to create an interesting and
detailed narrative. Below is an illustration of the story pyramid which
consists also the parts of a plot.
 Exposition
tells about the background of the
story. The information can be about
the setting, characters’ back stories,
or historical contexts.
 Rising action
is the part of the story after the characters
and setting are introduced and events in
the story begin to reveal probable
conflicts that the protagonist must
resolve. It also involves events that lead
to the climax of the story.
 Climax
is the highest point of tension in the
story. It is usually the most
interesting part.
 Falling action
is the part of a story after the
climax and before the very end.
 denouement
is the final outcome of the story
and it is where other secrets are
revealed, if there is any.
 The setting includes the time or period
and place where the event happened. The
characters are the persons/ animals/ or
any inanimate object that functions as the
protagonist, antagonist and other minor
entities that perform the actions, speak
dialogue and moving the story along a plot
line.
 Conflict creates tension in the
story and it involves the struggle
of between two opposing forces/
characters, usually the protagonist
and the antagonist.
 Conflict can be internal and external.
Internal conflict is a psychological conflict
which arises when the character experiences
two opposite emotions (like love and hate,
patriotism and devotion) or aspirations ( like
career and marriage, fame and peace of mind)
which usually involves good and evil.
External conflict is the struggle of
a protagonist against outside forces
that hamper his/ her progress and
hinders him/her to achieve his/ her
goal.
 Non- fiction: Memoir
Nonfiction is a literary genre that tells about
stories that actually happen in real life. The sub
genres of literary nonfiction are biography,
memoir, autobiography, journals, diaries,
periodicals and references. These works of
literary nonfiction have character, setting, plot,
conflict, figurative language, and theme just
like literary fiction, fiction and thriller or
suspense.
 Another Universe
Kurt Joshua O. Comendador
He was about my age and about my size. He first
approached us while we were eating at a cottage at a spring
resort. “Champorado mo, Ma’am. Sir”, he said. “Init pa.”
Champorado. Chocolate porridge. Still hot. I declined. I
watched him as he went on his way, selling champorado in
a small pot to other resort- goers. He might have more
customers if only he has better container than peddle an
iron pot.
I took a plunge into the cold. Everything was familiar. Too
familiar even: The laughter of the persons around me, the
giant splash as a kid cannonballs into the water, the off-key
singing from a karaoke booth, the jovial mood, and the
calming effect as I float in the spring water. I always
believe that cold waters cleanse the body and the mind
from any stress. It’s like floating in your own universe, as I
like to describe it. Then there he was again, walking on top
of the wall that separates the water into smaller pools.
“Champorado, Champorado. Init pa,” he shouted, hoping
someone would buy his hot champorado. “I want to eat
some more. Do you like to have some champorado?” I
asked my girlfriend. “No, would you like to buy?” “We
still have siopao in the bag.”
From the water, I watched him as he peddled his pot. I
noticed that it was not only small, it was also blackened by
soot; he must’ve used it over open fire frequently.
We kept swimming until twilight. The people began to thin
down; but he kept on peddling his champorado. I let my
girlfriend change her clothes first while I sat on a circular
bench nearby. I noticed a guy, looking so miserable, sitting
next to me. On his side, on the bench, was the small, sooty
pot. He must be the champorado vendor. I figured. On his
other hand was a slipper. I saw that the front strap broke.
 He remorsefully shook his head. I held back tears. I
watched as he tried reattaching the broken strap.
Unconsciously, I followed him with my eyes as he softly
placed his slipper on the ground. He tried wearing it, but it
immediately broke again. Then I noticed something- he
was wearing two different footwear. On his left foot is a
slide slipper, the one athletes commonly wear, while on the
other foot, the one that broke, is a traditional flip-flops.
I wanted to help him - maybe give him some money to buy
a new pair of slippers. But money, I have none too plenty, I
might need it on the way home. Give him my old pair of
shoes? I can’t drive my motorcycle bare-footed. I might
get caught by the traffic enforcers. I saw plenty of slippers
repaired by sticking a wire through the rubber to hold it
down. The least I can do is to help him fix his slipper, but
the resort is too dark to find any wire that might be laying
on the ground.
I wanted to say something, but no words came out of my
mouth. After a while, he went inside the changing room,
carrying his pot on one hand, and his slipper on the other.
He also had a backpack, I concluded that he might have
carried his utensils there. I was left alone. Trapped in
another universe.
He was about my age and about my size. We could’ve
been similar in many ways; he might also be the eldest, he
might also have four siblings.
 He might also want to plunge into the cold, spring water. I
liked to ask him questions: Where he lives, was the
champorado sold out, what happened to his slippers and
what he would do next. But the biggest question was for
myself: would I do the same if circumstances dictate me
so? My girlfriend finished changing. It was already my
turn. He still didn’t come out. I tried to take my mind off of
him while I change into dry clothes. It bothered me why it
took so long inside the changing room. Was he able to fix
his slipper?
I had no way of knowing. When I got out, out of the
dusk, at a distance, I saw the vendor. He had
backpack to be exact., there was a little light to see
him clearly. He was sort of walking with a drag. I
just hoped he gets home safe and sound. It was
already dark when we were ready to leave. The frogs
already began their chorus. To me, it sounded like a
woeful dirge. I wanted to jump into the cold again-
to wash my guilt away.
 Drama
A script may only come to existence once it is
performed before an audience. Its basic elements
include the literary element (script), technical
element (scenery set, make-up, costume, lights, and
sound) performance element (acting, character
analysis, character motivation…)
 script
a written text of a play. It is consist of the dialogues
or words that will be spoken by the actors and the
stage directions which give instructions about the
position and movement of the actors and other
aspects of the set.
 The technical element
of a play is complicated. It includes scenery set,
make-up, costume, lights, and sound.
 scenery set
can be chair, a house or a forest and other
properties used to identify the location and period
of the dramatic production.
 Make-up
is used in drama to aid the actors in taking the
appropriate appearance of the character they play.
 Costumes
are clothes, garments or attires worn by actors on
stage to aid dramatic actions and interpretations
 Sound
can be produced by actors or by props, musical
instruments, and recorded music and effects that
can help engage the audience and bring them into
another time.
 Performance element
includes acting, character
analysis and character
motivation.
 Acting
is the enactment of an actor or actress
who portrays a character,
 Character Analysis

is evaluating the character’s traits, his/

her role in the story, and the conflicts
they experience
character motivation

is the element that drives the

character to achieve his goal.
The New Genres of
Literature
 Hyperpoetry
It is poetry uploaded in the
internet. Its medium is the
computer screen.
 Mobile Textula
It is a short poetry in a form of tanaga,
that is sent through SMS on mobile
phone. It consists of 4 lines with 7
syllables using (/)to end a line and (//)
to end the stanza.
 From: MaryelKate
Mamamaya’y balisa /
Gobyerno’y aligaga /
Salut na karamdaman /
Hinde nalulunasan //
 Flash Fiction
It is telling a story in a few words,
usually about 100-1000 words or less.
A flash fiction can be as short as
Earnest Hemingway’s 6-word memoir,
“For sale: baby’s shoes; never worn.”
 They have known him as a weakling and a loser. He
never said a word or done a thing to defend himself or
speak what was on his mind. “Stupid, unworthy, a
menace….has no future..” Those were his father’s words.
He just shrug his shoulders and did what he thought was
the best to prove them wrong. Ten years have passed and
here I am waiting for my son’s return from Manila. There
he is… accomplished, full-fledged doctor, and a hero of
the COVID-19 Pandemic.
 Chick Lit
It is a heroine-centered fiction narrative;
usually focus on the trials of the
protagonist. Below is an excerpt of a
chick lit taken from Wattpad. One needs
to download the Wattpad App and the
story to experience reading chick lit
 Extraordinary Love Story (An Excerpt ) by
Mariel Kate Q. Liwag
It was a wonderful day because it is our 4th
wedding anniversary. We took a day off to
celebrate it. I woke up at 2:30 in the morning
to cook and to prepare a little surprise. He
usually surprises me but this time I wanted
him start and enjoy the day differently.
 When I was done cooking, I cleaned our
living room. I set a table for two with wine at
the center and partially covered the floor with
petals . When I set it all up I texted him. “Hon,
let us go downstairs. Don't forget to wear
white, I love it when you wear white. I said
with a smile. . “Okay, I'll be there in a
minute.” He texted back.
I put down the mobile phone and waited
for him. I turned on the CD player with
our favorite song, “I’ll Be” by Edwin
McCain. I was wearing a white jumper
suit and as the song started to play, a
handsome man in white shirt and pants
walked down the stairs .
“Happy 4th anniversary, Hon.” I said as I
came close to him and hugged him tight.
“Hon, you surprised me. Thank you and I
love you. ” He said smiling at me.
 Blog
a regularly updated web page or website
that is written in conversational style.
 From Words to Action
In a sudden horror, the world is facing a ‘doomsday-like'
scenario as an aftermath of the controversial virus, the
CoVID-19. The wave of this pandemic is continually
raging and it never fails to haunt lives of many people.
However, amidst this, people are screaming online–filling
bogus claims derived from online trolls, spreading
unfavorable conspiracies, and fabricated news that led
people to grave fear
 The said premise is a clear evidence of how the situation
is worsened. Instead of doing such, why not be part of the
solution? Why not uphold responsibility in every action?
Why not spread goodwill rather than fear? Why not try to
meditate for a second, at least for just a span of seconds,
and contemplate? Why not try to uphold God’s promises?
Lastly, why not strengthen your faith and find refuge in
prayer?
 Sometimes, it is not the stigma itself that inevitably
thrusts us towards danger, it is how we set our minds to
think it would happen and so it did. Let’s refrain from
overthinking, God is not sleeping. He is working, so
should you. In these trying times, we need cooperation
and not abomination because in the end, our unified
action amidst this pandemic outweighs the overall cost.