SYAHARANI VII-A SMP 73

Means of Information & Communication Technology

Ancient Communication Media

Kentongan
Has been used for a longtime,started from kingdom of demak,surakarta,yogyakarta and etc Function To given Information (Code/sign) for flood,robbery,party,celebration. Sign that praying time has come

Smoke
Famous for indian tribe in america Function To send secret information to a friend or foe Sample: one cloud of smoke means warning two cloud of smoke mean danger three trouble/request for help

Epigraphy and palmyra palm

For correspondence started in period of kutai,Tarumanegara,Majapahit,sriwijaya and Mataram Kingdom

Modern Communication

A Telephone and Cellphone

A telephone and cell phone. Invented by alexander grraham bell in 1876 from fix line to a cellular phone since April 3rd ,1973. Not only for communicating, cell phone also has many functions..sending text messages,pocket camera,video recorder,portable radio, and oven your pocket PC.

Newspaper
A simple printed publication media contains a latest news about various topic(Sport,Politic,Economy,etc) Nowadays,newspaper is available in online version

Television
A communication media trough electronic equipment where you can see vivid picture and hear the sound it gives you various information from all over the world,invented in 1883 by Paul Nipkow From black and white TV to colorful TV and even INTERNET TV now.

Telegraph
Is a long distance message sender and receiver founded by Samuel F.B Morse and Alexander Brain Telegraph uses Morse code (standard of tone,voice,or light transmitting data by differentiating dash and dot tap from sentence word, letter, number and punctuation mark message A message sent/received is called telegram

Facsimile
Is a machine that is able to send document trough telephone network that produce the same result as the original document Founded in 1843 by Alexander bain from scotland Its a scanner,modem,network printer and photocopier in one machine called FAX MACHINE

Communication Radio
We sometimes called it as a walkytalky or Handy-talky. Its a 2 way radio that can be used to communicate in two ways. 2 or more people can communicate

Radio
Radio is a product of technology that is used for signal transmission in modulation and electromagnetic radiation (Electromagnetic waves) This wave crosses and transmits through the air and can also transmit trough airless outer space because these waves dont need carrier media (Such as air molecule)

Pager
Pager is a personal telecommunication tool to send and receive short message.

Satellite Phone
The phone has inter-receiver intercom function (just like Walky-Talky) equipped with an automatic scanner to scan waves and other impresive features.

Internet
Internet is one of the most advanced products of communication and information technology at this moment.The development of the internet started when computer networking technology was created in around 1960. In 1989,Tim Berners , a computer expert from england was created World Wide Web, a program that allows sound,picture,movie, and music to appear and be accessed by everyone trough the internet.

 Besides,the internet is mostly used by companies,educational institutions,government institution, military institution all over the world in order to give information for all people. The internet enables people to get connected anytime and anywhere.

The History of Information and Communication Technology

1.The History of Calculating Tools

At first,our ancestors didnt know any numerical symbols.even so,they had know to count.For example, they counted cattle that they herded.Every morning when they released the cattle,they carved line on tree. Each line for each animal.In afternoon,they matched the sum of their animals with the sum of lines on the tree before herding the cattle to the barn.

 Other tools that were used to count were fingers,pebbles, and knots on rope.In south America,people of Inca Indian use ropes knots as numerical symbols symbolized by certain knots arrangement.All the knots arraangement are called

kuipu.

At around 1800 years ago,a simple means of calculation name abacus was found.The oldest abacus was found in Mesopotamia in Salamis Island and Pharaohs Hieroglyph in Egypt.Abacus was the beginning of the birth of computer.

 After abacus was Found,Means of calculation had been through such a rapid development.In 1917,John Napier found a new way to calculate by using a square wit 9 x 9 columns, each columns contain number 1 to 9.This tool was called Napiers bone. With this tool, we can do logarithmic calculation,In 1621,Slide rule was found which was an advance in mechanic calculation tool. Now, we can calculate digitally and fast using a calculator. Calculator makes complicated calculation simpler and faster. A multiplication,addition,subtraction, division or other functions such as sine,cosine and tangent can be easily processed with this tool.

2.History of Computer Development

The beginning of computer invention was started by mathematician professor from England, Charles Babbage. Babbage made a difference engine that we used to calculate differential equation.By using steam energy,the engine can save program and calculate and print the result automatically. After working 10 years Babbage made the first general purpose Computer,Analytical Engine. Analytical Engine was first computation tool that used punched card to store data.

 In 1890,Herman Hollerith from US Census Bureau was able to create punch card counting that used punch card as data medium. The invention of punch card as data medium was briliant invention in the history of computer.

In 1944,Howard Aiken from Harvard University Together with International Bussines Machine (IBM) succeeded creating a machine that was able to perform a series of arithmetic operation automatically.This machine was called Mark I.

a.First Generation
The first generation computer was developed during World War II. The chacarcteristic of the computer in this generation was the operating system was made specifically for certain task. Every Computer had different binary code that was called machine language. This made computer at that time hard to be programmed and was limited in speed.Computer in this generation needed a lot of electrical power, such as Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) that needed 160 kW.

 Another characteristic of the first generation computer was that the use of vacuum tube that made computer at that time big in size.Besides, computer at that time had magnetic cylinder that was used to store data. Example the first generation are Mark I,Mark II,Mark III,IBM 702, and IMB 709.

b.Second Generation
The second generation computers didnt have vacuum tube anymore, which was replaced by a transistor. There was also an anti-magnetic memory development that helped computers development become smaller,faster,reliable, and more efficient in energy using,compared to the predecessors. The second generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language.assembly language is the language that uses abbreviations to use binary code. The second generation computers had components that could be associated with todays computers, such as printer,storage inside diskette,memory,operating system and program.

 These programming languages replace the complicated machine code with words,sentence, and mathematics formula that can be more easily understood by human. The programming languages that we can use are Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN). Example the second generation computers are IBM 7070,IBM 7080,IBM 1400,IBM 1600, and NCR 300.

c.Third Generation
Transistors components that were used on the second generation computer were replaced by integrated circuit (IC).This is because transistor produced too much heat that could destroy computers internal parts. IC combined three electronic components in a small siliconvdisc that was from quartz sand.Scientistswere also able to put more components in a single chip,which was called semiconductor.As a result, the size of computer was getting smaller. The progress achieved by the third generation computer was the use of operating system.This operating system enabled a machine to run different programs all at one time with onemain program that monitored and coordinated the computers memory.

 Besides, computers of the third generation were also cheaper and more effective in terms of electric use. Example the third generation computers are UNIVAC 1109,UNIVAC 9000, and Burroughs 5700.

d.Fourth Generation
In this generation,the aim of computer development was to make the circuit and electric components smaller.Computers had been using Large Scale Integration (LSI). LSI could store hundreds of component inside a chip. In this period, there was a development in microcomputers that used microprocessor and chipshaped semiconductor as computers memory. IBM also introduced personal computer (PC) for home,office, and school use. Computers also continued their evolution to the smaller size,from desktop computer to portable computers that fit a bag (Laptop),or even computers that fit our palm(Palmtop).

 Those included in the computers of the fourth generation are IBM 370,Apple II,IBM PC/XT,IBM PC/AT,IBM PS/2 ,IBM PC/386,IBM PC/486,Pentium,Pentium II,pentium III,Pentium IV,AMD k6 and Athlon.Computers when this book is released are included in the fourth generation.

e.The Fifth Generation

Computer of the fifth generation are still under development.the component used is VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).Computer of this generation will be developed into computers that are able to interpret human language,communicate with human, and diagnose illness more accurately. Besides,they are also predicted to be able to think and feel just like human.