Introduction to Number Systems

Dr. Biswajit Nayak

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Management
• A number system is a system of writing for expressing
numbers. It is the mathematical notation for representing
numbers of a given set by using digits or other symbols in
a consistent manner.
• It provides a unique representation to every number.
• Different number systems are mentioned below.
– Decimal number system (Base- 10)
– Binary number system (Base- 2)
– Octal number system (Base-8)
– Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)
 Number Systems
• Decimal numbers
– Digits={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
• Binary numbers
– Digits = {0, 1}
• Octal numbers
– Digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
• Hexadecimal numbers
– Digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}

Chapter 1 3
 Decimal numbers

1439 = 1 x 103 + 4 x 102 + 3 x 101 + 9 x 100

3210
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

• Radix = 10
 Binary Decimal
(1101)2 = (?)10
1101 = 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
3210
=1x8+1x4+0x2+1x1
=8+4+0+1

(1101)2 = (13)10

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, ….

 Binary Decimal
(1101.11)2= (?)10
1101.11 = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2
3210 -1 -2
= 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1+1/21+1/22
= 1 x 8 +1 x 4+ 0 x 2+1 x1+1/2+1/4
= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + .5 +.25
= 13.75

(1101.11)2 = (13.75)10
 Decimal Binary
(13.75)10 = (?)2
2 13 1 LSB
2 6 0
2 3 1
2 1 1 MSB
0

(13)10 = (1101)2
Decimal Binary

.75*2 1.5 1
.5*2 1.0 1
0

(.75)10 = (.11)2

(13.75)10 = (1101.11)2
 Octal Decimal
• Octal numbers{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
• (137)8 = (?)10
137 = 1 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 7 x 80
= 1 x 64 + 3 x 8 + 7 x 1
= 64 + 24 + 7

(137)8 = (95)10

• Digits used in Octal number system – 0 to 7

 Decimal Octal
(95)10 = (?)8
8 95 7 LSP
8 11 3
8 1 1
0 MSP

(95)10 = (137)8
• Example 4: Convert (0.513)10 to octal.
Solution:
0.513 × 8 = 4 .104 =4
0.104 × 8 = 0.832 =0
0.832 × 8 = 6.656 =6
0.656 × 8 = 5.248 =5
0.248 × 8 = 1.984 =1
0.984 × 8 = 7.872 =7
Result= .406517.... = ~ .406517
 Hex Decimal
(BAD)16 = (?)10
(BAD)16 = 11 x 162 + 10 x 161 + 13 x 160
= 11 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 13 x 1
= 2816 + 160 + 13

(BAD)16 = (2989)10

A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15

 Decimal Hex
(2989)10 = (?)16
16 2989 13 LSP
16 186 10
16 11 11
0 MSP

(2989)10 = (BAD)16
• 16*1=16
• 16*16=256
• 16*16*16=4096
• 16*16*16*16=65536
• Convert the hexdecimal number (3B.F) 16 to
decimal
3 B . F
=(3 *161 ) + (11 *160 ) + (15 *16-1 )
= 48 + 11 + 0.9375
= 59.9375

(3B.F)16=(59.9375)10
 Binary-Octal and Binary-Hex
• Ease of use and conversion
• Three bits make one octal digit
111 010 110 101
7 2 6 5 => 7265 in octal

• Four bits make one hexadecimal digit

1110 1011 0101
E B 5 => EB5 in hex
 Examples
• Binary numbers
(11010.11)2 = 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= (26.75)10
• Octal numbers
(127.4)8 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 7 x 80 + 4 x 8-1 = (87.5)10

• Hexadecimal numbers
(B65F)16 = 11 x 163 + 6 x 162 + 5 x 161 + 15 x 160 = (46,687)10