LEPTOSPIRO SIS

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Weilsto edit Master subtitle style Click Disease/ Canicola Fever/ Hemorrhagic Jaudice/ Mud Fever/ Swine

LEPTOSPIROSIS

It is a zoonotic infectious bacteria disease carried by animals, both domestic and wild. Infected urine contaminates water or food, which causes disease when ingested or inoculated through the skin It is an occupational disease affecting 4/22/12 veterinarians, miners, farmers, sewer

ETIOLOGIC AGENT

A spirochete of the genus Leptospira (Leptospira interrogans) These are chiefly saprophytic aquatic organism which are found in the river and lake waters, sewage, and in the sea. There are 150 serotypes divided among 18 serogroups; some species are pathogenic to man and animals Weils disease is specifically caused by the serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. 4/22/12

RESERVOIR HOSTS

Rats main host of leptospirosis Pigs Cattles Rabbits Hare Skunk

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INCUBATION PERIOD The incubation period varies from six to fifteen days. PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY Leptospira is found in the urine between 10-20 days after disease onset.
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SOURCE OF INFECTION

Contaminated food and water Infected wildlife and domestic animals, especially rodents

Rats (L. icterohaemorrhagiae) are the source of weils disease frequently observed among mine, sewer and abattoir workers.

Rats (L. bataviae) are also the source of infection that attacks ricefield workers.
Dogs

(L. Canicola) can also be the source of infection among veterinarians, breeders and 4/22/12 owners of dogs.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Leptospirosis is transmitted through ingestion or contact with the skin or mucous membranes of infected urine or carcasses of either wild or domestic animals The disease can be transmitted through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, and though breaks in the skin.

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MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Leptospirosis can also be transmitted by the semen of infected animals. Leptospirosis is common among watersport enthusiast in certain areas such as prolonged immersion in water is known to promote entry of bacteria. Occupations at risk include
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

The symptoms range in severity from asymptomatic to fatal. Clinical course is generally biphasic and the majority of cases are inicteric. Three septic stages can be recognized

a. Septic stage b. Immune or toxic stage c. convalescence

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a. Septic stage
This stage is marked by febrile lasting from 4-7 days. There is an abrupt onset of remittent fever, chills, headache, anorexia, abdominal pain and severe prostration. There is also respiratory distress. Fever subsides with lysis.

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b. Immune or toxic stage

This stage can be with or without jaundice, and lasts for 4 30 days.
Iritis,

headache, meningeal manifestations like disorientation, and convulsion, with CSF findings of aseptic meningitis. and anuria with progressive renal failure.

Oliguria Shock,

coma, and congetive heart failure are also seen in severe cases. Death may occur between the 9th and 16th days.
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c. Convalescence stage
At this stage, relapse may occur during the 4th and 5th weeks.

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Pathogenesi s
Cattle, Dogs Rodents swine, and and wild other animals livestock Contact with contaminated water and soil. Entry through the eyes, mouth and broken skin MAN

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Pathophysiology
Leptospir a Enters the mouths, eyes, or broken skin Multiplies in the bloodstream
Invades the eyes Enters the kidney

Invades the liver

Affect the muscle

Jaundice

Presence of organism conjuctivit is causes inflammati Renal on of the failure 4/22/12 nephrons

Pain and sometim es edema

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

BUN and creatinine Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) Liver function test
AST ALT GGT

Leptospira antigen-antibody test (LAAT)

4/22/12 Lesptospira antibody test (LAT)

COMPLICATIONS

Meningitis Respiratory distress Renal interstistial tubular necrosis that results in renal failure (Weils disease) Cardiovascular problem

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MANAGEMENT

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MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Treatment of leptospirosis is geared toward:

Suppressing the causative agent Fighting possible complications

Aetiotropic

drugs penicillin, doxycycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin

For prophylaxis, doxycycline 100mg p.o. every 12 hours for 1 week

Peritoneal

dialysis of fluid and electrolytes

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Administration

NURSING MANAGEMENT

Isolate the patient; urine must be properly disposed of. Darken the patients room because light is irritating to the patients eyes. Observe meticulous skin care to ease pruritis. Keep clients under close surveillance. 4/22/12

NURSING MANAGEMENT

Keep homes clean. Regularly replace water in pools, aquaria, etc. to prevent stagnation. Eradicate rats and rodents Provide health education on the modes of transmission of the disease. Encourage oral fluid 4/22/12 intake.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Sanitation in homes, workplaces and farms is a must. There is a need for proper drainage system and control of rodents ( 4060% infected) Animals (cattle, dogs, cats and pigs) must be vaccinated. Infected humans and pets
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THE END
Tha n k you ! Hav eA nic by: Prepared e SN4 A.S.G., 4/22/12 day

od G s le b s!