PCC GSW DPS

MODEL TOWN
REEMEE SHAKIL

PHYSICS
Unit 3. Dynamics
Content
3.1 Forces
3.2 Friction
3.3 Circular motion
1.5.1 Balanced and unbalanced forces
1 Identify and use different types of force, including weight (gravitational force),
friction, drag, air resistance, tension (elastic force), electrostatic force, magnetic
force, thrust (driving force) and contact force
2 Identify forces acting on an object and draw free-body diagram(s) representing
the forces
3 State Newton’s first law as ‘an object either remains at rest or continues to move
in a straight line at constant speed unless acted on by a resultant force’
4 State that a force may change the velocity of an object by changing its direction
of motion or its speed
5 Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line
6 Recall and use the equation
resultant force = mass × acceleration
F = ma
7 State Newton’s third law as ‘when object A exerts a force on object B, then
object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A’
8 Know that Newton’s third law describes pairs of forces of the same type acting
on different objects
 What is a force?
A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:

WEIGHT – pulls
things downwards
 What is a force?
A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:

An equal and opposite

force, perpendicular to
the surface (at right
angles to) prevents the
man from penetrating
the surface
 What is a force?
A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:

AIR RESISTANCE (drag) – acts

WEIGHT – pulls against anything moving through air
things downwards

FRICTION – acts against

anything moving
UPTHRUST – keeps things afloat
Forces are vector quantities
because they have both size
and direction.

SI units
Forces are measured in
newtons (N)

Small forces can be measured

using a spring balance (or
newton meter)
 Newton’s first law of motion

If no external force is acting on it,

and object will:
- If stationary, remain stationary
- If moving, keep moving at a
steady speed in a straight line.

In space, where there are no

external forces, a satellite
will continue to move at a
steady speed in a straight
line …. for ever!
Mathematical form of Newton’s Second law
F=ma
Balanced forces If forces are in balance, then
they cancel each other out, and
the object behaves as if there is
no force on it at all

When terminal velocity is

reached, the skydiver is falling
at a steady speed. The force of
air resistance is exactly
balanced by the air resistance
pushing upwards.
 Balanced or unbalanced forces?
What will A
happen in
each case?
B

D
When
 F1
forces are balanced
F2

 F2 = DRIVING FORCE, FORCE OF ENGINE
 F1= RESISTIVE FORCE, FORCE OF AIR RESISTANCE, FORCE OF FRICTION
 WHEN F1=F2
 FOR EXAMPLE F1=2N
 F2=2N

 RESULTANT FORCE=NET FORCE=TOTAL FORCE

 NET FORCE=0N
 As F=ma
 0=ma
 Either m=0 or a=0
 m can never be zero
 Therefore a=0
 A= final velocity-initial velocity/time
 A=0 is possible only when final velocity and initial velocity are the same
 This is when the car is moving with a constant velocity.
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
If the forces acting on an object are balanced then the object will
either remain stationary or continue to move with a constant speed.

Unbalanced forces:
If the forces acting on an object are unbalanced then the object will
change its speed. It will begin to move, speed up, slow down or
stop.
Two vertical forces are acting on the object.
There are no horizontal forces.
Net force=0
a=0
v=0
1.5.2 Friction
1 Describe friction as a force that may impede motion
and produce heating
2 Understand the motion of objects acted on by a
constant weight or driving force, with and without drag
(including air resistance or resistance in a liquid)
3 Explain how an object reaches terminal velocity
4 Define the thinking distance, braking distance and
stopping distance of a moving vehicle
5 Explain the factors that affect thinking and braking
distance including speed, tiredness, alcohol, drugs,
load, tyre surface and road conditions
 Friction and Stopping Forces

Although it is sometimes unwanted, friction can really help us – for example in

car braking systems, and giving shoes grip on the ground.

As the block is gently pulled, friction stops it

moving
increase the force and the block will start to slip
When the block starts to move. friction HEATS
materials up.
 Thinking Distance
Before we react to a danger our brain takes time to
think. The distance travelled during this time is the
Thinking Distance (m)

Mmh, a level
crossing! I should
stop now!
 Stopping distance
The distance needed for a car, travelling at a given
speed, to stop (m).

Stopping distance = Thinking distance + Braking

Distance
 Braking Distance
Cars don’t stop straight away. They travel a
certain distance from when you start braking
to when they stop. This is the Braking
Distance.

Just in time!
1.5.3 Elastic deformation
1 Know that forces may produce a change in size
and shape of an object
2 Define the spring constant as force per unit
extension; recall and use the equation
spring constant = force x extension
k = Fx
3 Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension graphs
for an elastic solid and describe the associated
experimental procedures
4 Define and use the term ‘limit of proportionality’
for a load–extension graph and identify this point
on the graph (an understanding of the elastic limit
is not required)
 Robert Hooke Hooke’s Law and forces acting
was born in 1635 on a stretched spring.
and the 1660’s he
devised an
equation
describing
elasticity.

• Hooke discovered that the

amount a spring stretches is
proportional to the amount
of force applied to it.

• That is, if you double the

load the extension will
double.
= Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law and forces acting
on a stretched spring.

X
Spring constant:

Load = spring constant x extension F = k x x

Up to point ‘X’ the

extension is
proportional to the
load. Point ‘X’ is the
limit or
proportionality
For any spring, dividing
the load (force) by the
extension gives a value
Beyond point ‘X’ the spring continues to behave elastically and called the spring
returns to its original length when the force is removed. At the constant (K), provided
elastic limit the spring behaves in a ‘plastic’ way and does not that the spring is not
return to its original length – it is permanently stretched.
stretched beyond its
elastic limit.
Limit of proportionality is the point after which further applied force is not
supported by the Hookes law linear relationship where extension is
directly proportional to the applied force. i.e. up to that point, Hookes
law applies, after that point it does not. It is. however, still elastic. When the
force is removed, the spring will still return to it's original shape.

Elastic limit is the applied force beyond which permanent deformation

results after removal of the applied force. The spring is no longer elastic but
exhibits plastic behaviour.
1.5.4 Circular motion
1 Describe, qualitatively, motion in a
circular path due to a force perpendicular to
the motion as:
(a) speed increases if force increases, with
mass and radius constant
(b) radius decreases if force increases, with
mass and speed constant
(c) an increased mass requires an increased
force to keep speed and radius constant
( F = mv2 r is not required)
 CONSTUCT A PARALLELOGRAM

PARALLELOGRAM
If both pairs of opposite sides are equal and parallel,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram
DETERMINE THE RESULATANT OF TWO VECTORS
BY PARRALELOGRAM METHOD

50 N

40 N
 scale
10 N= 1 cm
40 N= 4 cm
90 N= 9cm

50 N

40 N