EED 6: Teaching Social

Studies in Primary Grades

 At the end of the unit, we will be able to:

a. Relate the definition of history to its function in society;

b. Explain the bases used in determining the boundaries of the Philippines;
c. Enumerate the categories of natural resources;
d. Analyze the process of evolution of humans;
e. Enumerate the differences among the Philippines’ social classes.
 UNIT I: THE GENESIS OF THE
PEOPLE
The Discipline of History

“Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggaligan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan”.

(Anyone who does not know how to look back will not be able to reach his destination.”)
According to the book Philippine Civilization History and Government by C. Bocan, J.
Ong, M. Jose and J. Ponsaran, this is an old Filipino saying that used to explain the idea
of history. In fact, the reason why one has to study history is reflected in the essence of
this saying. Even though it is the value of utang na loob (debt of gratitude) that is being
emphasized here, this saying also underscores the significance of looking back at the past
to understand the present and to guide future undertakings.
The present is a place of the remains of the past. In fact, Filipinos may
notice that whenever they go, there are things that remind them of their
past, courtesy of their ancestors who might have left these things to
serve as a guide to the present. Some of these are oral traditions,
written documents, fossils, bahay na bato (stone houses), and pottery.
These can be utilized by historians in order to reconstruct the past. By
understanding the past, Filipinos will internalize the reasons why they
ought to love their country.
 The Beginning of History

History comes from the Greek word historia which originally means “to
inquire”. It eventually assumed the meaning of a story or the chronological records of
significant events.
History is the study of the chronological records of events based on a critical
examination of sources and authentic materials.

It deals with the study of politics, economics, sciences, society, religion, and
the civilization of the past. History is concerned with the totality of human experiences—
past and present.
History records not only the story of people, their wars and struggles, but also
the way they interacted with other people, traded their wares, built their homes,
worshipped their gods, and how they lived and died
 Importance in Studying History

1. Develop an enhanced self-awareness, built strong values, and establish self-identity.

2. Understand the past events that shaped our present-day situation.

3. Understand and accept other people with different values and ways of life.

4. Enhance our cooperative and competitive skills to achieve goals that improve human
condition.

5. Understand our fellowmen better and enhance our human interaction skills.

6. Appreciate our heritage and contribute to the betterment of our society as responsible
citizen
7. Recognize and develop our full potentials and that of our fellowmen

8. Improve our skills necessary for making individual observations for critical thinking
and solve complex problems for self-development

9. Expand our knowledge in the different fields of sciences especially those related to
history like geography, economics, government, and culture

10. Become actively involved, productive, and responsible citizens, and find ways to
contribute to the progress of our society
11. Learn more about our world so we can better cope with and adapt to our environment

12. Learn more about the different forms of government and appreciate and participate in
government activities because they affect people’s lives
 History and other Related Discipline
History and other related sciences and disciplines related to
history

ANTHROPOLOGY Greek words Anthropo

means human being and logos means study.

is the scientific study of human beings in

relation to distribution, origin, classification
and relationship of races, physical
characteristics, environmental and social
relations, and culture.
ARCHEOLOGY is the scientific study of
the material remains of historic and pre-
historic peoples by analysis of fossils,
artifacts, and relics of past human life.
GEOLOGY from the Greek words Geo
means earth and logia means the study.

is the science that studies the physical

history of the earth, the rocks, and the
minerals that composed the earth and the
physical changes that it had undergone.

GEOLOGIST interpret the sequence of the

earth’s crust, which contains evidences of
the geological history of the earth through
rock formations.
SOCIOLOGY

Latin word Socius means companion

and Greek word ology means study of

is the systematic study of the

development, structure, interaction, and
collective behavior of organized group of
human beings.
I.F. WARD it is the science of society or of
social phenomena.

J.F FAIRCHILD study of relationship between

man and human environment

MAX WEBER the science which attempts the

interpretive understanding of social men.
CARTOGRAPHY is the science or art of
making map.
POLITICAL SCIENCE

From the Greek words polis means city,

state, sovereign and scire means to study,
to know

is a social science concerned mostly with

the description and analysis of political
activity and behavior and especially,
government institutions and processes.
PHILOSOPHY

Originating from the Greek words philos

LOVE and Sophia WISDOM meaning
“love of wisdom,” philosophy can be
considered the study of knowledge,
existence, and reality

is a discipline comprising the general

beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an
individual or group.
 SOME OF THE GREATEST
PHILOSOPHERS OF ALL
TIME
one of the most famous Greek philosophers, was also a polymath who lived in
ARISTOTLE Ancient Greece in 384-322 BC. He was taught by another famous philosopher,
Plato. Aristotle is often referred to as the first scientist in history

He developed a theory that is strongly connected to Taoism. He authored the

LAO-TZU main book on Taoism around 500 BCE in Ancient China. Taoism focuses on the
balance of animals and humans and how they should coexist in the universe.

John Locke, who lived in Europe in the 17th century, was an Oxford academic
who also researched medicine. He is best known for his work regarding
Enlightenment, along with his developments in liberalism.
JOHN LOCKE
Locke strongly believed in all persons’ rights to life, liberty, and property, and
refuted the divine right of kings
 Karl Marx was a German philosopher in the 1800s who developed Marxism.
KARL MARX Marxism focuses on the social, political, and economic theory that there is a
struggle between the working class and capitalists.

Confucius, a philosopher from China that lived from 770 – 481 BCE, believed in
living life around ethical and moral social standards. He is remembered for
wanting to make education available to all and established teaching as an actual
career.
CONFUCIUS He also established Confucianism, which is a school of belief revolving around
personal ethics and morality. The four main principles of Confucianism are
referred to as his ethics. They include: justice, beneficence, non-maleficence,
and respect for autonomy. His five constant virtues that are most referred to are
benevolence, righteousness, trustworthiness, propriety, and wisdom.

Often referred to as the founder of Western philosophy, Socrates was a Greek

philosopher from Athens. He was the first to be considered a moral philosopher
of ethical tradition of thought.
SOCRATES
He gave way to the rise of Socratic dialogue, a literary genre all about teaching
through asking questions. In 399 BC, he was sentenced to death for corrupting
the youth and failing to acknowledge the city’s official gods
ECONOMICS

From the Greek word oikonomia, oikos

means house and nomos means
management, management of the house
hold.

is a social science concerned mainly with

the description and analysis of production,
distribution, and consumption of goods
and services.
GEOGRAPHY from Greek words geo
means earth and graphia means to
draw/describe, Earth Description.

is the science that deals with the earth and

its life especially the description of land,
sea, air, and the including man and his
industries
PSYCHOLOGY from the Greek words
psyche means breath, spirit and soul and
logia means the study.

is the science that studies the mind and

behavioral characteristics of an individual
or group.
 SOME OF THE MOST
INFLUENTIAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS
B. F. SKINNER concepts of operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development had a profound influence on

psychology, especially the understanding of children's intellectual growth. His
JEAN PIAGET
research contributed to the growth of developmental psychology, cognitive
psychology, genetic epistemology, and education reform

His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological
causes. He also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on
SIGMUND FREUD
psychology and behavior. His work contributed to our understanding of human
development, personality, clinical psychology, and abnormal psychology.
 Bandura’s work is considered part of the cognitive revolution in psychology that
ALBERT BANDURA began in the late 1960s. Bandura’s social learning theory stresses the importance
of observational learning, imitation, and modeling.

Leon Festinger developed the theories of cognitive dissonance and social

comparison to explain the ways in which social conditions influence human
LEON FESTINGER
behavior. Cognitive dissonance is the state of discomfort you feel when you hold
two conflicting beliefs.

a Russian physiologist whose research on conditioned reflexes and classical

IVAN PAVLOV
conditioning influenced the rise of behaviorism in psychology.

Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development helped create interest and

research on human development through the lifespan. An ego psychologist who
ERIK ERIKSON studied with Anna Freud, Erikson expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring
development throughout life, including events of childhood, adulthood, and old
age.

REFERENCE : https://www.verywellmind.com/most-influential-psychologists-2795264
TECHNOLOGY is the branch of
knowledge that deals with industrial arts,
applied science, and engineering. Its
practical purpose is to provide objects
necessary for human sustenance and
comfort.
LINGUISTICS is the science of languages
including phonetics, phonology, morphology,
syntax, and semantics.
LITERATURE is the body of oral and written
works produced in a particular language,
country, or age, including writing as excellent
form of expressing ideas of permanent or
universal interest.
HUMANITIES is the branch of learning
that investigates human concerns and
aspirations as opposed to natural
processes. It includes the study of visual
arts (drawings, painting, and sculptures)
performance arts and music.
 ARCHIPELAGO’S NAME
During the pre-spanish era, early Chinese
traders and geographers already knew the
Philippines. Sung Dynasty sources in 982 A.D.
referred the islands as Ma-yi. Chau-Ju-Kua, a
Chinese trade official, gave a detailed account
of his travel to various parts of the islands in
1225, which he called Ma-i.
“First Voyage Around the World” (“Primer Viaje en Torno
del Globo”

 Written by Antonio Pigafetta in one of the five ships that

first circumnavigate the world
 It covers the time when Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet
“Armada de Molucca” started the voyage (1519) until it was
successfully went back to Spain
 The copies of this account was presented by Pigafetta to
Pope Clement VII, King Francis I’s mother, etc.  His
original diary was lost and not known in what language it
was written
 Survived in 4 manuscript versions; 1 Italian (Carlo
Amoretti) and 3 French
MARCH 17, 1521 (originally March 16)

● Arrival in “Zamal” (Samar) particularly

in the island of “Humunu” (Homonhon)

● Magellan called it “Acquada da li buoni

Segnialli” (Watering place of God Signs)

● The district was called “Las Islas de San

Lazaro”/”Archipelago de San Lazaro”
(Islands of Saint Lazarus)
MARCH 18, 1521 (originally March 17)

• Magellan and his men landed in Humunu

and saw by native boatmen from Suluan
Island who gave them foods.

• Transaction made through Magellan’s slave

interpreter, “Enrique” (of Malacca)
APRIL 1, 1521 (originally March 31)

• First mass in the Philippines was happened in

“Mazaua” during easter sunday and conducted
by Padre Pedro de Valderrama

• Attended by Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Rajah

Siagu (Siaui) and local islanders
APRIL 8, 1521

• Magellan went to Zubu (Cebu) and met Rajah

Humabon

• The rajah wanted to Magellan and his men to pay

tribute to them but told his translator Enrique that they
are working for King of Spain and threatened him a
war
APRIL 15, 1521 (original April 14)

• Held a mass on Humabon’s place where

attended by 800 local members

• Magellan gave Hara Humamay an image of Sto.

Niño

• Humabon became “Carlos” and Humamay

became “Juana”
APRIL 27, 1521 (originally April 26)

• Rajah Zula told Magellan that Matan’s (Mactan)

chieftain Cilapulapu (Lapulapu) refused to obey
the King of Spain

• Zula requested Magellan to send him only one

boatload of men to fight Cilapulapu but
Magellan
APRIL 28, 1521 (originally April 27)

• 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed with

corselets and helmets and 20-30 Balanhais
loaded by Rajah Humabon’s men went to Matan
to attack Cilapulapu

• The local islanders had lances of bamboo and

stakes hardened with fire

• “Battle of Mactan” happened

The name Philippines came from the word Filipinas
given by the Spanish navigator Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos in 1543 in honor of Prince Philip of
Austrias, who became King Philip II of Spain,
successor to King Charles I.

The word “Felipina” was at first given by

Villalobos’s men to refer to Leyte and Samar. Later,
it was given to the whole archipelago.
In 1571, Fr. Juan J. Delgado, a Jesuit
historian called Manila, Pearl of the
Orient since it became a rich outlet of
Asian trade even prior to the coming of
the Spaniards in the archipelago.
The Spanish Filipinas or Felipinas was later changed
to Philippine Islands (P.I.) during the American
colonial era.

It was renamed Republic of the Philippines (R.P.)

after the recognition of its independence in 1946.
 Theories on the Origin of Filipinos
H. Otley Beyer’s Theory
Long before the Spanish
colonizers came into the Philippines,
people with distinct cultures had
already inhabited the islands .The
Migration Theory of H. Otley Beyer,
regarding the people of the archipelago
became the most widely known version
in Philippine prehistory. According to
Dr. Beyer, the ancestors of the Filipinos
came in waves of migration.
 First to reach the archipelago
was the caveman “Dawn Man” type,
who was similar to the Java man and
other Asian Homo sapiens of 250,000
years ago. Dr. Beyer called the first
Filipino the “Dawn Man,” for he
emerged on the islands at the dawn of
time.
 Next to settle in the islands were the aboriginal
pygmy group or the Negritos. They were said to have
reached the islands before the land bridges from
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Australia disappeared.
They came between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago.
They were described to have black skin, darky kinky
hair, round black eyes, flat noses, and with a usual
height of 5feet.
 Third to arrive were the seafaring and tool-using
Indonesian group who came about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago.
They came in two waves of migration, with type A, arriving
about 3,000 to 4,000 B.C. and type B, about 1,500 to 500 B.C.
Indonesian A was tall, slender with light complexion, and thin
lips.

. Indonesian B was shorter, with bulky body, dark

complexion, and thick lips. They were able to displace the
Negritos to the mountains with their move advanced culture.
 The last to reach the archipelago were the
seafaring Malays who introduced the Iron Age
culture. They moved into the islands from 300
B.C. to the 14th and 15th centuries A.D.
 The Southeast Asian people who reached the Philippines during prehistoric
times became the core population. Each group, the Indonesians, Malays, and
others, stood as equal, without any of them racially or culturally dominant.

This core population shared common cultural traits or base culture. They
used similarly fashioned tools, pottery, and ornaments; and upheld common beliefs
and rituals. If there were some differences, these may be due to some factors like
adaptation to the environment. Furthermore, the immigrants did not come into the
archipelago in a fixed period of time nor with a definite destination.
Landa Jocano’s Theory

According to this theory of Landa

Jocano, Philippine society developed as single
unitary system. Jocano (1975) asserted that our
culture developed from within the country and not
part of the Southeast cultural environment.
According to him, there were major time categories
in the development of the Filipino culture:
Formative; Incipient and Emergent.
 The Formative Period (500,000-250,000
years ago) started when the first hominids arrived in
the Tabon Caves of Palawan. It was during this
period when these hominids developed techniques in
grinding and polishing stone tools. Moreover,
pottery and horticulture were also introduced during
this period.
 It was during the Incipient Period that notable cultural developments took place.
Among these developments were the local manufacture of metal artifacts, improvements of
earthen ware pottery, acquisition of the form and decorative techniques, and the beginning
of long-distance trade based on the jade and glass ornaments recovered in burial sites.
 Trade further thrived in the Philippines during the Emergent
Period. Contract with Southeast Asian population was expanded and
culminated when Indian influenced reached the country in 100 A.D.
Another distinctive development during the period was the emergence of
cultural behavior patterns among the people and the development of
Filipino social organization in terms of politics, economics, and religion
among others.
NATIONAL TERRITORY
The national territory
comprises the Philippine archipelago,
with all the islands and waters embraced
therein, and all other territories over
which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial and aerial domains, including its
territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the
insular shelves, and other submarine
areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth
and dimensions, form part of the internal
waters of the Philippines.
 Territory is defined as the fixed
portion on the surface of the earth on
which the State settles and over which it
has supreme authority.

The components of the territory of the

state are the terrestrial, fluvial, maritime
and aerial domains.
LAND TERRITORY (TERRESTRIAL DOMAIN)

The territorial domain refers to the land mass, which may be

integrate or dismembered, or partly bound by water or consist of one
whole island. It may also be composed of several islands, like the
Philippines, which are also known as mid-ocean archipelagos as
distinguished from the coastal archipelagos.

The terrestrial domain includes properties of public dominion as

well as properties of private ownership.
MARITIME TERRITORY (FLUVIAL
AND MARITIME DOMAIN)

Internal waters Covers all water

and waterways on the landward side of the
baseline. The coastal state is free to set
laws, regulate use, and use any resource.
Foreign vessels have no right of passage
within internal waters.
LAND BOUNDARIES

The Philippines has no land boundaries.

Nearby neighbors are Taiwan to the north, Malaysia
and Indonesia to the south, Vietnam to the west, and
China to the northwest.
DISPUTED TERRITORY

The Philippines, China, Taiwan,

Malaysia, and Vietnam hold conflicting claims
to portions of the South China Sea and the
Spratly Islands, which are called the Kalayaan
(Freedom) Islands in the Philippines. The
Philippines also disputes Malaysia’s claim to
the state of Sabah.
LENGTH OF COASTLINE

Estimates of the total length of the

coastline range from 17,500
kilometers (official Philippine
figure) to 36,289 kilometers (U.S.
figure).
MARITIME CLAIMS
The Philippines claims a territorial sea of up to 100 nautical miles from
the nearest coastline, an area that includes the entire Sulu Sea and the northern part
of the Celebes Sea. A presidential decree in 1978 announced additional baselines,
which in effect extended the territorial sea to claim an area up to 285 nautical
miles in breadth in the South China Sea west of Palawan Island. This area
encompasses the Spratly Islands. The Philippines also claims its continental shelf
to the depth of exploitation and an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles
from its baselines.
LOCATION
The Philippines comprises
an archipelago of some 7,107 islands
located off Southeast Asia, between
the South China Sea on the west and
the Philippine Sea on the east. The
major islands are Luzon in the north,
the Visayan Islands in the middle, and
Mindanao in the south.
SIZE
The total area is about
300,000 square kilometers, including
about 298,000 square kilometers of
land and about 2,000 square kilometers
of water.
TOPOGRAPHY
The Philippines consists of volcanic islands, including active volcanoes, with
mostly mountainous interiors surrounded by flat lowlands and alluvial plains of varying
widths along the coasts. The elevation ranges from sea level to the highest point of Mount
Apo on Mindanao Island, at 2,954 meters above sea level. Diverse topography and climate
characterize the different areas in the country. While mountain ranges traverse the major
islands, adjacent valleys and plateaus provide a sharp contrast. The climatic conditions and
degree of weather disturbances differ among the provinces because of their varied topography
and geographic location. The provinces in northeastern Luzon and the Bicol Region are
generally wet and more vulnerable to typhoon than the rest of the country. The Visayan
regions have generally more rainy days than Luzon and Mindanao. Mindanao, on the other
hand, is almost free from typhoon which makes agriculture a very important industry on that
island.
PRINCIPAL RIVERS

The longest river is the Cagayan

(Río Grande de Cagayan) on Luzon, about 350
kilometers in length. Other principal rivers on
Luzon include the Abra, Bicol, Chico, and
Pampanga. The Pasig River is only about 25
kilometers in length but serves as the main
waterway, flowing between Laguna de Bay,
the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines,
through metropolitan Manila to Manila Bay.
Principal rivers on Mindanao include the
Mindanao
LANDFORMS

The Philippines has a rugged

topography. Its four major lowland plains are the
Central Luzon Plains and Cagayan Valley in
Luzon and the Agusan and Cotabato Valley in
Mindanao.
The biggest lowland plain in the
Philippines is Central Luzon where the
Provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and
Nueva Ecija are located. The mountanious
provinces of zambales and Bataan are also
belong to this region. Central Luzon has been
dubbed as the “Rice Granary of the Philippines”
because it is the main supplie of rice in the
country. The Central Plain in Luzon is only
about 100 ft above sea level.
 Highest Mountains in the Philippines
1 Mt. Apo 2,956 m Davao and North Coptabato
2 Mt. Dulang-Dulang 2,938 m Kitanglad Range, Bukidnon
3 Mt. Pulag 2,922 m Cordillera Range, Benguet
4 Mt. Kitanglad 2,899 m Kitanglad Range, Bukidnon
5 Mt. Tabayoc 2,842 m Cordillera Range, Benguet
6 Mt. Kalatungan 2,824 m Kalatungan Range, Bukidnon
7 Mt. Ragang 2,815 m Piapayungan Range, lanao del Sur

8 Mt. Maagnaw 2,742 m Kitanglad Range, Bukidnon

9 Mt. Singkalsa (Timbak) 2,717 m Cordillera Range, Benguet
 Active Volcanoes in the Philippines
Luzon Visayas Mindanao
Taal, Batangas Hibok-Hibok, Matutum, Cotabato
Pinatubo, Zambales Camiguin Island Ragang, Cotabato
Mayon, Albay Canlaon, Negros Calayo, Bukidnon
Banahaw, Lucena City Oriental Bilioran, Biliran
Isarog, Camarines Sur
Bulusan, Sorsogon

Inactive Volcanoes in the Philippines

Mt. Apo in Davao
Mt. Arayat in Pampanga
Mt. Corregidor in Bataan
Mt. Kitanglad in Bukidnon
Mt. Makiling in Laguna
Mt. Malinao in albay
Mt. Mariveles in Bataan
Mt. Silay in Negros
MARINE FAUNA

The tiny Sinarapan (Mistichthys Luzonensis) is

considered as one of the smallest fish in the world that can be
found in Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur.
“Glory of the Sea” or (Conus Golden Cowrie
gloriamaris )