• Hydrometeorology

• Introduction
• Structure and composition of
atmosphere
• Formation of precipitation
• Type of precipitation—Cyclonic,
Convective, Orographic
• Forms of precipitation—Drizzle, Rain,
Sleet, Snow, Hail, Dew
• Water budget

• A water budget comprised of the

components of the hydrologic
cycle can be formulated. It is an
accounting of the inflow, outflow
and storage of water in a
designated hydrologic system.
• For surface flow,
The hydrologic budget can be written as:
• P + R1 - R2 + Rg - Es - Ts - I = ΔSs
• where precipitation, surface-water
inflow, and groundwater appearing as
surface water (Rg) are inflows;
surface-water outflow, evaporation,
and infiltration are outflows; and all
variables are volumes per unit of time.
• For underground flow, the hydrologic budget can be written as:
•
• I + G1 - G2 - Rg - Eg - Tg = ΔSs
•
• where infiltration and groundwater inflow are inflows; groundwater
outflow, groundwater appearing as surface water, evaporation, and
transpiration are outflows.

• The combined hydrologic budget for a region is derived by summing the

two previous equations:
•
• P - (R2 - R1) - (Es + Eg) - (Ts + Tg) - (G2 - G1) = Δ(Ss + Sg)
•
• If the subscripts are dropped and the quantities in parentheses are taken as
net changes, the equation reduces to:

•P - R - E - T - G = ΔS
Inflow+ Outflow+ Storage=0
• Geologic formations as aquifer
• Textural classification and size
parameters
• Alluvial deposits
• Carbonate rocks
• Volcanic rocks
• Igneous and metamorphic rocks
• Size:
• Wentworth Size Scale (1922)
• Size in mm Phi Ø unit Name Equivalent rocks
• >256 -8 Boulder Boulder
• 64-256 -7 Cobble Cobble
• 4-64 -6 Pebble Pebble
• 2-4 -2 Granule Granulstone
• 2-1/16 +4 Sand Sandstone
• 1/16-1/256 +8 Silt Siltstone
• >1/256 +9 Clay Claystone
• Size parameters
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
• Skewness
• Kurtosis

• Derived from cumulative curve and

frequency curve
• d75
• d50
• d25
• d60
• d10
• Sorting coefficient--- d75/d25
• Uniformity coefficient--- d60/d10
• Exercise ----- Plot frequency curve, cumulative
frequency curve and calculate uniformity coefficient
from given grain size data.
• Mesh size Weight% Cum Wt %
• In phi
• -1 - ----------------------2.8
• -0.5 ---------------------7.8
• 0.0 -----------------------14.8
• 0.5 ------------------------12.8
• 1.0-------------------------19.8
• 1.5 -----------------------18.0
• 2.0 ------------------------18.7
• 2.5 ------------------------- 4.0
• 3.0 -------------------------- 0.86
• 3.5 --------------------- ---- 0.06
 Statistical/Graphic Presentation of
Texture: Grain Size/Sorting
• Quantitative assessment of the % of different grain
sizes in a clastics

– Mean: average particle size

– Mode: most abundant class size

– Median: 50th percentile

Relation to texture
• Porosity values are independent of
sorting coefficient
• Porosity values tend to increase as d50
values decrease
• Specific retention values tend to
increase as d50 values decrease
• Poor correlation between specific
yield and d50 values
• Alluvial deposits as aquifer
• Piedmont deposits: many alluvial fan joined
together.
• Coarsest deposits
• Influent condition
• Permeability maximum (24000cubic meter/day)
• Groundwater condition:
• Large water level fluctuation
• Perched ground water
• Confined aquifer---- flowing well common
• Aquitard
• Valley flat deposits
• Channel
• Levee
• Flood plain
• Sediment – better sorted—gravel, sand, silt,clay
• Porosity-30-50%,permeability-5m/day.

• Ground water condition

• Shallow water table
• Effluent condition
• Confined, semiconfined in flood plain
• Aquifer in channel, strong anisotropic
MENADERING RIVER SYSTEMS AND THEIR PRODUCTS
• Carbonate deposits
• Karst topography—sink
hole,uvala,caverns,gallaries,shaft,stalactites,st
alagmites,karst valley.
• Porosity –high
• Specific yield- low
• Secondary porosity/permeability-
• Lithology,
• Topography
• Water table
• Hard rocks(Igneous/Metamorphic)
• Fresh—granite, gneiss,
quartzite
• Weathered zone- Laterite–
good aquifer
• Volcanic rocks- fractures,
cracks, joints, fault
• Formation characteristics
• Absolute Porosity
• Effective porosity
• Specific retention
• Specific yield
• Permeability
• Intrinsic permeability
• Hydraulic conductivity
• Anisotropism and heterogeneity