Cchacon - Ec. de Poisson y de Laplace

97.
315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Sol’n Poisson
SOLUTION TO
POISSON’S
AND
LAPLACE’S
EQUATIONS
Lecture 7 TITLE
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Sol’n Poisson
• Review
• Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations
• Examples of calculation
• Parallel plates
• Concentric cylinders
• Assignment
• References Pierre Simon Laplace 1749-1827
• Summary
Lecture 7 OUTLINE
Poisson’s and Laplace’s

Equation
2 
 V  Poisson’s Equation
o
2
 V 0 Laplace’s Equation
Solutions to these equations forms part of next weeks

lectures.
 
E  V
Lecture 7 REVIEW
2  dq  dv
 V 
o
2
 V 0 
r  r


r V r 
General solution 
r
1  r 
V r      dv
4 r  r
Principle of superposition
for elements dV(r)
Always a possible solution: work involved in

solving triple integral may be large.
Lecture 7 THEORY
Example (Question)
Obtain potential and electric filed for region between
plates of a parallel plate capacitor shown in the figure. Use
either Poisson’s or Laplace’s equation to obtain your answer.
Z
3-D view
Y
• Parallel plates of infinite extent

X • Top plate V(z = z1) = V1
• Bottom plate V(z = 0) = 0
• Region between plates has no charge
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Obtain potential and electric filed for region between
plates of a parallel plate capacitor shown in the figure. Use
either Poisson’s or Laplace’s equation to obtain your answer.
Z Use Laplace’s
equation since
region of
Y
interest has no
charge present

X
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
 V 0
2
Example (Solution)
Obtain potential and electric filed for region between plates of a
parallel plate capacitor shown in the figure. Use either Poisson’s or
Laplace’s equation to obtain your answer.
2
 V 0
Z
In (x, y, z) coordinates
Y 2 V V V
2 2 2
 V  2  2  2 0
x y z
Due to the infinite extent of the parallel plates in the (x, y)
X plane we expect the potential V to be independent of the x or
y coordinate  2V  2V
Thus  2 0
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
2
x y
Example (Solution)
Z
2  2V
 V  2 0
z
 V  Y
 
 z   0
z
V
 C1 X
z
V  C1 z  C2 C1 and C2 are constants to be determined

from Boundary conditions. ????????
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Question: What are the Boundary conditions for this

example?
Solution: Boundary conditions correspond to known
values of the potential at specific locations.
Z
3-D view
• Parallel plates of infinite extent

• Top plate V(z = z1) = V1
X • Bottom plate V(z = 0) = 0
• Region between plates has no charge
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Z
Boundary condition for Bottom plate
V(z = 0) = 0
Solution was
Y
V  C1 z  C2
For z = 0, V = 0 gives C2 = 0
Solution now is V  C1 z X
Making use of one of the Boundary conditions allowed us to

determine one of the constants.
C2 = 0
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Z
Boundary condition for Top plate
V(z = z1) = V1
Solution was
Y
V  C1 z
z = z1, V = V1 gives C1 = V1/z1
Solution now is X
V1 Making use of a second Boundary
Desired solution V z condition allowed us to determine
z1 the other constant.
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE C1 = V1/z1
Example (Solution)
Z
To obtain expression for the electric

field we can make use of the
gradient of the potential. Y
 
E  V
Obtained in Lecture 5 X
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Z
 
E  V
V1 Y
V z
No x or y dependence z1
  V V V  X
E   xˆ  yˆ  zˆ 
 x y z    V 
E   zˆ 
 z 
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Z
  V  V1
E   ˆz  with V z
 z  z1
Y
gives
 V1 
  z 
z V
E   1 zˆ    1 zˆ X
 z  z1
 
   V1
Desired solution E   zˆ
z1
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
V1
V z
z1 Y
 V1
E   zˆ
X z1
Example (Solution)
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
V1 V = constant for z = constant: Equipotentials are

V z
z1 planes parallel to the (x, y) plane.
 V Directed along  Z direction and perpendicular to

E   1 zˆ
z1 equipotential surfaces.
Notice that the electric field lines are directed along the Z axis and
are normal to the surfaces of the plates. The electric field lines start
from the upper plate and are directed towards the lower plate when
V1 > 0. Lines of constant V are in the (x, y) plane and perpendicular
to the electric field lines.
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
12Volts
Suppose we set V1 = 12 V and the plate 10V

8V
separation z1 = 1 m. Then we can assign 6V
4V
a potential to each equipotential surface 2V
as shown for the equipotential surfaces in 0Volts

2 volt increments.
With V1 and z1 values given the

V  V
expressions for the potential and V  12 z E  12 zˆ
m m
electric field are:
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE END
Cylindrical coordinates
Z V 1 V ˆ V
V  rˆ   zˆ
r r  z
 1  rEr  1 E E z
z E   
r r r  z
P
 Y
r
1   V  1  2V  2V
V
2
r  2  2
X r r  r  r  2
z
Lecture 7 REVIEW
Spherical coordinates

r V 
V
r
rˆ 
1 V ˆ
r 

1 V ˆ
r sin   


 1  r 2 Er  1  sin  E  1 E
E  2  
r r r sin    r sin   
1   2 V  1   V  1  2V
V 2  2  sin    2
2
r
r r  r  r sin       r sin    2
Lecture 7 REVIEW
z
Example (Question)
V 0
Obtain an expression for
the potential and electric field in
the region between the two V  150V
concentric right circular
cylinders. The inner cylinder has
a radius a = 1 mm and is at a
potential of V = 0 volts, the y
outer cylinder has a radius b = 20
mm and is at a potential of 150 x
volts. Neglect an edge effects if
present. a
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution) z
Obtain an expression for the potential V 0
and electric field in the region between the two
concentric right circular cylinders. The inner
cylinder has a radius a = 1 mm and is at a V  150V
potential of V = 0 volts, the outer cylinder has
a radius b = 20 mm and is at a potential of 150
volts. Neglect an edge effects if present.
We will select cylindrical y

coordinates for solving this problem.x
By symmetry the potential will be a
function of the radial coordinate
a
only. There is no  or z dependence.
There is not charge density between
b
the conductors  = 0.
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution) z
Obtain an expression for the potential and
electric field in the region between the two concentric right V 0
circular cylinders. The inner cylinder has a radius a = 1 mm
and is at a potential of V = 0 volts, the outer cylinder has a
radius b = 20 mm and is at a potential of 150 volts. Neglect V  150V
an edge effects if present.
We will select cylindrical coordinates for solving this
problem.
By symmetry the potential will be a function of the
radial coordinate only. There is no  or z dependence.
There is not charge density between the conductors  =
0.
y
2 x
 V 0
a
1   V 
r 0
r r  r 
b
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
electric field in the region between the two concentric right
circular cylinders. The inner cylinder has a radius a = 1 mm a
radius b = 20 mm and is at a potential of 150 volts. Neglect
an edge effects if present. b
0V
1   V 
0
150V
r
r r  r 
The first integration gives
V The constant C1 is to be determined from

r  C1
r Boundary conditions.
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
0V
V 150V
r  C1
r
Second integration gives
V  C1 ln r   C2 The constants C1 and C2 are to be

determined from Boundary conditions.
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
0V
V  C1 ln r   C2 150V
Apply boundary condition V = 0 at r = a = 1 mm
0  C1 ln 0.001  C2 1
Apply boundary condition V = 150 at r = b = 20 mm
150  C1 ln0.02  C2 2 C1  50.1

Two equations with two unknowns: C2  345.9
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
0V
C2  345.9 C1  50.1 150V
V  C1 ln r   C2
V  50.1 lnr   345.9 Units are volts
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
0V
V  50.1 lnr   345.9 150V
 
E  V
Units are volts / m
 V  50.1
E rˆ E rˆ
r r
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
z
Obtain an expression for the V 0
potential and electric field in the region
between the two concentric right circular
cylinders. The inner cylinder has a radius a V  150V
= 1 mm and is at a potential of V = 0 volts,
the outer cylinder has a radius b = 20 mm
and is at a potential of 150 volts. Neglect an
edge effects if present.
Potential function y
V  50.1 lnr   345.9 x
Electric field
a
 50.1
E rˆ b
r
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE
z
Notice that the electric field is
V 0
radial to the cylindrical
conductors and that the
V  150V
equipotential surfaces are
concentric cylinders.
Potential y
V  50.1 lnr   345.9 x
Electric field
 50.1
E rˆ
r
Lecture 7 EXAMPLE END
These questions are straight forward. Plug in the numbers and get your answer. Being able to
25 solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 25% on a quiz or final exam
containing questions related to this lecture.
These questions require a few manipulations of equations or numbers before the answer can be
50 obtained. Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 50% on a
quiz or final exam containing questions related to this lecture.
These question are quite involved and requires a thorough understanding of the topic material.
75 Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 75% on a quiz or final
exam containing questions related to this lecture.
These questions are the most difficult and require a thorough understanding of the topic material
100 and also pull in topics from other lectures and disciplines. Being able to solve this type of
question ensures you an A grade on a quiz or final exam containing questions related to this
lecture.
75 100 These form excellent review questions when preparing for the quiz and final exam.
25 50 75 100
SELL EVALUATION SCALE

Lecture 7 ASSIGNMENT
Obtain an expression for the potential in the region

25
between the disks. Neglect any edge effects. Use either
Poisson’s or Laplace’s equation. What would be your
expression if the disks where
Z oriented perpendicular to the
X axis, the Y axis?
25
A conducting sphere of radius r = r1 is held at a potential V
= V1 by a battery as shown in the figure. Take the region
outside the sphere as charge free. Using Laplace’s equation
in spherical coordinates obtain an expression for the
potential outside the sphere. Neglect the presence of the
battery in determining your expression.
z
V (r , ,  )

r
 r1
V1 y

x
Two concentric conducting spherical shells are centered at

25
the origin of a spherical coordinate system. The inner shell
has a radius of r = 0.1 m and at a potential V = 0 volts while
the outer shell has a radius r = 0.2 m and a potential V =
100 volts. Assuming that vacuum exists between the shells
obtain an expression for the potential and electric field
between the shells.
Z
Solve using spherical

coordinates Y
Lecture 7 ASSIGNMENT X Answer next page

Two concentric conducting spherical shells are centered at the origin of a spherical coordinate system.
The inner shell has a radius of r = 0.1 m and at a potential V = 0 volts while the outer shell has a radius
25 r = 0.2 m and a potential V = 100 volts. Assuming that vacuum exists between the shells obtain an
expression for the potential and electric field between the shells.
We we use the following to simplify the expression
sin  
f   
cos   1
V1  V2  f   
answer V  V2  ln  
 f 1    f  2 
ln 
 f  2  
Consider two parallel conducting planes one at y = 0 and the

50 other at y = 0.02 m. The reference location for the potential
is chosen at y = 0.01 m with a corresponding potential of 0
volts. If the electric field is:
 253
E nC 2 yˆ
0 m
determine the potential of each plate.
ans : up  2.53V /  0 , low  2.53V /  0

z
V  100v
V 0
 0
 
Solve Laplace’s equation for the region contained between

50 the two coaxial cones. Suppose that V = V1 for 1 and V = 0
volts for 2. Assume that the tips of the cones a re isolated
and neglect any edge effects.
2
V
1
1
V 0
Two flat planes are shown each with  = constant in

50 cylindrical coordinates, and are isolated along the Z axis.
Neglecting edge effects obtain an expression for the electric
field between the conducting planes. Chose V = 100 volts
for    and V = 0 volts for   0. z
V  100v
V 0
 0
 
Two concentric conducting spherical shells are centered at

75
the origin of a spherical coordinate system. The inner shell
has a radius of r = 2.0 cm and at a potential V = -25 volts
while the outer shell has a radius r = 35 cm and a potential
V = 150 volts. The space between the shells is occupied by
a medium with relative dielectric constant r = 3.12. Find
the density of charge on each conducting surface.
Z
Solve using spherical
coordinates
ans : C1  3.71, C2  160
ans :  in  5.12nC / m 2 ,  out  0.293nC / m 2

Y
Lecture 7 ASSIGNMENT X
The two parallel conducting disks are 5 mm apart and filed

75
with a dielectric of relative dielectric constant r = 2.2.
Determine the density of charge on the disks.
Z
250 V
X 100 V
ans : 584nC / m 2
The inter-region contains a charge density . Use

75
Poisson’s equation to obtain an expression for the
potential. z
Inner conductor
Outer conductor
y
x
Inter region contains charge density 
 r 2
ans :  C1 lnr   C2
Lecture 7 ASSIGNMENT 4 o
Z Potential variation inside a hollow

75
infinite cylinder.
An infinitely long hollow metallic
cylinder is oriented with its axis along
the Z axis. Given that the cylinder has
a radius r1 and that the potential is V =
V1 obtain an expression for the
potential inside the cylinder. You are
only given one boundary condition and
r1 Y
thus you are not able to solve for both
integration constants. Use Laplace’s
X equation to obtain your expression.
r
V  V1 at r  r1 ans : for   0  V  V1  C1 ln 
 r1 
 r 2  r12  r
ans : for   0  V  V1   C1 ln 
4  r1 
The potential energy function is given by:

100
V  k sin ax sin by ez
  a2  b2
where a, b, and k are constants. Find the electric field
vector and charge density as a function of x, y and z. You
will need to consult previous lecture to complete this
question.
A charge density of:

100
 r   ke br
where k and b are constants, exists in a spherical region of

space defined by 0 < r < a. A) Find the total charge in the
spherical region. B) Find the electric field at all points in
space. C) Find the electric potential at all points in space.
D) Show that the potential you found in part C) satisfies
Poisson’s equation for both r < a and r > a.
REFERENCES
(0) Textbook: U. S. Inan, A. S. Inan (0) Inan p. 326 - 334
“Engineering Electromagnetics”
(1) J.D. Kraus, K. R. Carver “Electromagnetics” 2nd
(1) Kraus p. 102 - 103, 262 -
(2) Reitz, Milford, Christy “Foundations of Electromagnetic 292
theory” 4th (2) Reitz p. 56 - 68
(3) M. Plonus “Applied Electromagnetics”
(3) Plonus p. 38 - 47
(4) R. P. Winch “Electricity and Magnetism”
(5) P. Lorrain, D. Corson “Electromagnetic fields and Waves” (4) Winch p. 351 - 355
2nd (5) Lorrain p. 51 - 52
(6) Duckworth “Electricity and Magnetism”
(6) Duckworth p. 59 - 61
(7) J.D. Jackson “Classical Electrodynamics” 2nd
(8) F. Ulaby, “Fundamentals of applied Electromagnetics” (7) Jackson p. 38 - 40
(8) Ulaby p. 155
Lecture 7 REFERENCES
SUMMARY Lecture 7
1   2 V  1   V  1  2V
 2V  r   sin   
r 2 r  r  r 2 sin       r 2 sin    2
 1  r 2E r 1
  sin  E 
 1 E
 
r
E  2
r r r sin    r sin   

V 1 V 1 V ˆ
V  rˆ  ˆ  
V r  r
r r  r sin   
spherical 
r  r 

1   V  1  2V  2V
 2V  r  
r r  r  r 2  2 z 2
 1  rEr  1 E E z
E   
dq  dv
r r r  z
V 1 V V
V  rˆ  ˆ  zˆ
4 r  r
r r  z
cylindrical    dv V r  
 r  1
Laplace’s Equation  V 0
2
o
Poisson’s Equation  V 
2 
END LECTURE 7
Lecture 7 END

Cchacon - Ec. de Poisson y de Laplace

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97.

315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Sol’n Poisson

Poisson’s and Laplace’s

Solutions to these equations forms part of next weeks

Always a possible solution: work involved in

• Parallel plates of infinite extent

V  C1 z  C2 C1 and C2 are constants to be determined

Question: What are the Boundary conditions for this

• Parallel plates of infinite extent

Making use of one of the Boundary conditions allowed us to

To obtain expression for the electric

V1 V = constant for z = constant: Equipotentials are

 V Directed along  Z direction and perpendicular to

Suppose we set V1 = 12 V and the plate 10V

as shown for the equipotential surfaces in 0Volts

With V1 and z1 values given the

We will select cylindrical y

V The constant C1 is to be determined from

Second integration gives

V  C1 ln r   C2 The constants C1 and C2 are to be

Apply boundary condition V = 0 at r = a = 1 mm

150  C1 ln0.02  C2 2 C1  50.1

V  50.1 lnr   345.9 Units are volts

V  50.1 lnr   345.9 x

SELL EVALUATION SCALE

Obtain an expression for the potential in the region

Two concentric conducting spherical shells are centered at

Solve using spherical

Lecture 7 ASSIGNMENT X Answer next page

We we use the following to simplify the expression

Consider two parallel conducting planes one at y = 0 and the

determine the potential of each plate.

ans : up  2.53V /  0 , low  2.53V /  0

Solve Laplace’s equation for the region contained between

Two flat planes are shown each with  = constant in

Two concentric conducting spherical shells are centered at

ans : C1  3.71, C2  160

ans :  in  5.12nC / m 2 ,  out  0.293nC / m 2

The two parallel conducting disks are 5 mm apart and filed

The inter-region contains a charge density . Use

Z Potential variation inside a hollow

The potential energy function is given by:

A charge density of:

where k and b are constants, exists in a spherical region of

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