Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3 Project Scheduling
Chapter 3 Project Scheduling
Chapter 3 Project Scheduling
Team Mission
25
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Deliverable
•Any unique and verifiable product or result that must be
produced to complete a project. Usually the lowest level of
the WBS.
Team Mission
25
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Team Mission
(Scope)
WBS
Activity List
(Schedule)
Schedule Milestone
•A significant event in the project schedule, such as an event
restraining future work or marking the completion of a major
deliverable. A “measuring point”. Milestones have “0” (zero)
duration and no resource assignments.
26
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Logical Relationships
“Finish to Start” (most common)
Finish Start
26
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Logical Relationships
“Finish to Finish”
Finish Finish
26
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Logical Relationships
“Start to Start”
Start Start
27
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Logical Relationships
“Start to Finish” (very rare, not available in
WSDOT project management software)
Finish Start
27
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
A D
F
B
E
C G
27
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Critical Path
• Longest duration path through the
project network
• Activities on Critical Path are called
“Critical Activities”
• Critical activities have no float or
slack
27
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Critical Path
• A project can have more than one
critical path
• Activities not on the Critical Path are
called “Non Critical Activities”
• To shorten the project duration, a
scheduler must modify the critical
path activities or dependencies
28
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Float (Slack)
Activity Total
Duration Float
28
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Float (Slack)
Activity Free
Duration Float
28
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
Float (Slack)
Negative Activity
Float Duration
28
Schedule Terminology & Definitions
F
B
E
28 C G
Schedule Tracking
Schedule Tracking
29
Schedule Tracking
Schedule Tracking
29
Schedule Tracking
Schedule Tracking
Schedule Tracking
29
Schedule Tracking
Example:
Drilling 10 holes, 4 complete – 40% complete
29
Schedule Recovery / Schedule Compression
Schedule compression
A technique used to shorten a project
duration without reducing the project scope.
There are two methods of schedule
compression:
• Schedule Crashing
• Schedule fast tracking
30
Schedule Recovery / Schedule Compression
Schedule crashing
A compression technique in which scheduled
activity durations are modified; working day
definitions are modified; or resource
requirements are modified.
Typically will increase costs.
Activities must be “resource dependant”
30
Schedule Recovery / Schedule Compression
31
Schedule Management
Module 3 exercise
Task D
10 days
Task A Task G
20 days 14 days
Task E
20 days
S Task B
Task H F
16 days
Task F 10 days
7 days
Task C
Task J
25 days
15 days
St-A-D-G-Fin: 44 days
St-A-E-H-Fin: 50 days Critical Path
St-B-E-H-Fin: 46 days
St-C-F-H-Fin: 42 days
33 St-C-J-Fin: 40 days
Individual Work Styles and Cultural
Differences Cause Schedule Conflicts
One dimension of the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator
focuses on peoples’ attitudes toward structure and
deadline
Judgment type people prefer to follow schedules,
meet deadlines and have closure. Perception types
prefer to keep things open and flexible; deadlines are
a signal to start rather than to complete a project
Different cultures and even entire countries have
different attitudes about schedules
41
Project Time Management
Project Time Management Processes
Activity definition: Activity
sequencing:
Activity resource estimating:
Activity duration estimating:
Schedule development:
Schedule control:
42
Project Time Management
Activity Definition
Project schedules grow out of the basic documents
that initiate a project
Project charter includes start and end dates and budget
information
Scope statement and WBS help define what will be done
43
Project Time Management
Activity Definition
Dasar dari pembuatan penjadwalan project diturunkan
dari empat proses manajemen waktu:
Activity definition – further defining the scope
Activity sequencing – further defining the time
Activity resource, and
activity duration (further defining the time and cost)
44
Project Time Management
Activity Lists and Attributes
An activity list is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project
schedule that includes:
The activity name
An activity identifier or number
A brief description of the activity
Activity attributes provide more information such as predecessors,
successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements,
constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions related to the activity
45
Project Time Management
Network Diagrams
Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity
sequencing
A network diagram is a schematic display of the logical relationships
among, or sequencing of, project activities
Two main formats are the arrow and precedence diagramming methods
46
Project Time Management
Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)
Also called activity-on-arrow (AOA) network diagrams
Activities are represented by arrows
Nodes or circles are the starting and ending points of activities
Can only show finish-to-start dependencies
Can omit activities that have no dependencies
47
Project Time Management
Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)
More popular than ADM method and used by project
management software
Activities are represented by boxes
Arrows show relationships between activities
Better at showing different types of dependencies
48
Project Time Management
SMART Criteria
Milestones should be:
Specific
Measurable
Assignable
Realistic
Time-framed
49
Project Time Management
Project Crashing
Projects will sometimes have deadlines that are impossible to meet using normal
procedures
By using exceptional methods it may be possible to finish the project in less time than
normally required
However, this usually increases the cost of the project
Reducing a project’s completion time is called crashing
Project Crashing
Crashing a project starts with using the normal time to create
the critical path
The normal cost is the cost for completing the activity using
normal procedures
If the project will not meet the required deadline, extraordinary
measures must be taken
The crash time is the shortest possible activity time and will
require additional resources
The crash cost is the price of completing the activity in the
earlier-than-normal time
Four Steps to Project Crashing
1. Find the normal critical path and identify the critical activities
2. Compute the crash cost per week (or other time period) for all
activities in the network using the formula
53
Project Time Management
Schedule Control
Perform reality checks on schedules
Allow for contingencies
Don’t plan for everyone to work at 100%
capacity all the time
Hold progress meetings with stakeholders
and be clear and honest in communicating
schedule issues
54
Project Time Management
Reality Checks on Scheduling
First review the draft schedule or estimated completion date in the project
charter
Prepare a more detailed schedule with the project team
Make sure the schedule is realistic and followed
Alert top management well in advance if there are schedule problems
Verify schedule progress – just because a team member says a task was
completed on time doesn’t always mean that it was
55
Project Time Management
Working with People Issues
Strong leadership helps projects succeed more than
good PERT charts
Project managers should use:
Empowerment
Incentives
Discipline
Negotiation
56
Project Time Management
Using Software to Assist
in Time Management
Software for facilitating communications helps people
exchange schedule-related information
Decision support models help analyze trade-offs that
can be made
Project management software can help in various
time management areas
57
Project Time Management
Project Scheduling
• Project definition:
58
Project properties
• Project goals: quality, time, costs, customer
satisfaction
• Network of activities/jobs
• Limited resource capacity
• Project life-cycle:
– Order acceptance
– Engineering and process planning
– Material and resource scheduling
– Project execution
– Evaluation & service 59
Project examples
• Construction
• Production
• Management
• Research
• Maintenance
• Installation, implementation
60