Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contemporary World Lesson 3
Contemporary World Lesson 3
Contemporary World Lesson 3
Example :
*when an import tax in one of the market is
removed
Horizontal Integration
is a type of Integration, by combining the market agencies to
form a union to reduce their effective member and the extent of
actual competition in market
Partnership: collaborating with another company to tackle the
market together (with a common product, promotion, sales strategy, etc.)
Merger: when two different companies in the same market become one
Acquisition: when a company buys another within the same market
4
Conglomerate Integration
A combination of agencies or activities not directly related
to each other may operate under a unified management
7
Vertical Integration
It occurs when a firm performs more than one activity in the
sequence of the marketing process.
Forward integration
•if a firm assumes another function of marketing which
is closer to the consumption function, it is a case of forward
integration
Backward integration
•this involves ownership or a combination of sources of
supply
PREFERENTIAL TRADING
AGREEMENT
BANGLADESH-BHUTAN
FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT
reduces barriers to trade among
member countries to zero, but each
member country still has autonomy in
deciding for external rate of tariff for
its trade with non-member countries
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
--- was implemented in order to promote trade between the
U.S., Canada, and Mexico
an agreement to remove trade barriers
among members and impose uniform
trade restrictions against non-members
20
an economic Customs Union founded in 1948
between Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
COMMON MARKETS
it refers to an agreement between countries that allows
product, services and workers to move freely across
borders
The Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR)
--- el Mercado Común del Sur (the Common Market of the
South) is a regional integration process, initially established by
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and subsequently joined
by Venezuela and Bolivia
▶https://www.routledge.com/United-Nations-Centre-on-Transnational-Corporations-Corporate-Conduct-
and/Hamdani-
Ruffing/p/book/9781138896536#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Centre%20on,multiplied%20and%20deepe
ned%20with%20globalization.
▶ https://atom.archives.unesco.org/go-59
▶ https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/transnational-
corporations#:~:text=A%20transnational%20corporation%20(TNC)%20is,xii
▶https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/the-global-
corporation/#:~:text=of%20each%20unit.-
,Global%20Corporations,markets%20in%20attaining%20revenue%20generation.
▶https://www.unescwa.org/association-southeast-asian-nations-free-trade-are
▶https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/polytechnic-university-of-the-philippines/the-contemporary-world
▶https://slideplayer.com/slide/5930801/
▶https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/IAS/NDI5MAEEQQVVEEQQVV/Stages-of-Economic-Integration-and-
trends-in-globalization--Economic-Affairs-IAS
▶ https://www.consuunt.com/horizontal-integration/