G lobal In te r s ta te

The
System:
e M ak in g o f t h e
Th ld
Moder n W or
 Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
1. Discuss the concept, actors involved, and
processes in the global interstate system.
2. Justify the relevance of the state amid
globalization.
Attributes of Modern International Politics

Governed through nation-states(2011, 195)

States are considered sovereign (independent).
International organizations (UN) and
institutions(IMF,WB) facilitate relations between
states.
International organizations and institutions promote
norms (respect for human rights, free-trade)
According to Max Weber (1997, p. 154) as cited by Schattle
(2014) a state is “a compulsory political organization with
continuous operations through upholding a claim to the
monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the
enforcement of its order”.
Meanwhile, Hedley Bull (1995, p. 8) defines a state as an
“independent political communities each of which possesses a
government and asserts sovereignty in relation to a particular
portion of the earth’s surface and a particular segment of the
human population”.
 State VS Nation
POLITICAL TERM
ETHNIC TERM
HAS 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
People Shared Common Characteristic.

Territory • History or Origin

Government • Culture
Sovereignty • Religion
• Language
It does not exist if one element
• Consist of many states
is lacking
• Ex American Nation, Arab Nation,

NATION-STATE
Cultural group (a nation) that is also a state (and may, in addition,
be a sovereign state)
STATE, NATION AND NATION STATE

Not all
states are
nation and
not all
nation are
states.

UNITED KINGDOM
Not all
states are
nation and
not all
nation are
states.
 Origins of the nation-state
Peace of
Westphalia(Germany)
-Package of treaties that ended
the 30 years European wars of
religion (1618-1648)
-European states – the Holy
Roman Empire, Spain, France,
Sweden and the Dutch Republic
– agreed to respect one another's
territorial integrity.
The three(3) core points of the Westphalian Treaty are the
following :

1. the principle of state sovereignty;

2. the principle of legal equality of states; and
3. the principle of non-intervention of one state in
the internal affairs of another.
 Nationalism
The nation:
1. Imagined community (people)
2. Limited (territorial boundaries)
3. Seeks to govern itself (government
institution)

Effect:
As nationalism became strong/popular in the 19th
century, this solidified the Westphalian order
- In Asia, earliest case of this was the
Philippines
Global politics since Westphalia: Responding to
notions of sovereignty

-Direct challenges
to sovereignty
-Heighten
interactions within
the system
-Provide
alternatives loci of
international
politics
 Earliest challenge: Napoleon
Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Emperor of the French Empire
Sought to spread the principles of
the French Revolution across
Europe (Napoleonic Wars, 1803-
1815)
Napoleonic code:
Forbade birth privileges, freedom of
religion, meritocracy in government
service
Brief French hegemony over
Europe
 The Concert of Europe (1815-1914)

- Sought to restore Europe to

world before French Revolution
and Napoleon
- Alliances of Austria, Prussia,
Russian Empire, United Kingdom
agreed to maintain “balance of
power”
- would support each other if any
revolutions broke out
- helped nations unite whether
they wanted to or not
 Tenets of the Concert

1) Return of the monarchy

2) Return of Christian values in Europe
3) Repudiation of the Napoleonic Code
4) Renewed peace in Europe through great power
diplomacy
 The birth of Liberal
Internationalism
Immanuel Kant (1795):
“For states in their relation to
each other, there cannot be any
reasonable way out of the What this means:
lawless condition which entails
only war except that they, like - Agreements among states merely
individual men, should give avert war
up their savage [lawless]
freedom, adjust themselves to - Nations needed to give up their
the constraints of public law,
freedom and subject themselves to a
and thus establish a
larger system of law (analogue with
continuously growing state
citizens in a country)
consisting of various nations
which will ultimately include - A form of global government needed
all the nations of the world.”
to create and enforce these laws
International Law

Jeremy Bentham (1748 –

1832) – coined the term
“international” in 1780
International law: law between
states
“The end that a disinterested
legislator upon international
law would propose to himself
would … be the greatest
happiness of all nations take
together.”
Do these ideas mean world
government? Do they entail the
abolition of states?
Mazzini’s Nationalist
Internationalism
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-
1872) – architect of Italian
unification, ardent nationalist,
and major critique of the
Metternich system
Nationalism and
international cooperation
complimented each other
Cooperation among nation-
states
 Wilsonian Internationalism
Nations were subject to the
universal laws of God,
which could be discovered
through reason.
Principles include: self-
determination, democratic
government, collective
security, international law,
US President Woodrow Wilson
and a league of nations. (1856-1924)
Wilson in 1917…
“I am proposing, as it were, that the nations should
with one accord adopt the doctrine of President
Monroe as the doctrine of the world: that no nation
should seek to extend its polity over any other
nation or people, but that every people should be left
free to determine its own polity, its own way of
development—unhindered, unthreatened, unafraid, the
little along with the great and powerful.”
Side note: Philippine “Deweyan”
Educators
Camilo Osias (1940): When it is recalled that Voltaire dreamed
of a “European Diet,” that Kant advocated a “United States of
Europe,” that Tennyson had a vision of the “Parliament of
Man, the Federation of the World,” and that Wilson and other
statesmen actually organized the “League of Nations,” there is
room for optimism that the day is not far distant when Jesus’
idea of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man will
become real.
The pluralized philosophy seeks to broaden regional ideas
among men and nations, and to secure a human order or a
world system where individuality is conserved,
where republicanism shall be the political form,
and where democracy is the human way of life.
When these shall have become universal, we may truly say that
nations of the earth have at long last been pluralized.” (Osias
1940)
Defining liberal internationalism

The idea of common international principles – from

Kant
Cooperation and respect among nation-states –
Mazzini and Wilson
Promotion of global democracy – Wilson
These ideas became the foundation of the League of
Nations
League of Nations (1919-1946)

Founded in the 1919 Paris

Peace conference after WW1
Maintain world peace
through international
arbitration
Birth of task-specific
international organizations
like the WHO and the ILO
(international civil service)
 An Alternative: Socialist
internationalism
Karl Marx
“Workers of the world
unite”
“The proletariat has no
nation”
Marxist anti-nationalism:
affinity to the nation
retards the worker’s
struggle
The Socialist International (1889-1916)
Organization of labor and
socialist parties, mainly in
Europe
Achievements: 8-hour working
day, International Women’s Day,
May 1
Its parties became major players
in the electoral politics of
Europe
Collapsed in 1916 as its member
parties supported the war efforts
of their respective states
Communist International (Comintern),1919-1943

Product of the Bolshevik

victory in Russia
Lenin’s tool to promote
revolution
Central body for all
Communist Parties
across the world
Dissolved in 1943 to
appease Allied Powers
 The Comintern and the Third World
Lenin: “Monopolies, oligarchy, the striving for
domination and not for freedom, the exploitation of
an increasing number of small or weak nations by a
handful of the richest or most powerful nations — all
these have given birth to those distinctive
characteristics of imperialism which compel us to
define it as parasitic or decaying capitalism.”
Ho Chi Minh:“ You must excuse my frankness, but I
cannot help but observe that the speeches by
comrades from the mother countries give me the
impression that they wish to kill a snake by stepping
on its tail. You all know today the poison and life
energy of the capitalist snake is concentrated more in
the colonies than in the mother countries… Yet in
our discussion of the revolution, you neglect the
colonies, while capitalism uses them to support
itself, define itself and fight you.”
Major challenge to
internationalism: Fascism
Hitler saw both variants
internationalism as an
attack on the nation
Fascists believed in the
primacy of ethnic
majorities
Fascists believed in
regional spheres of
influence
 The United Nations (1945- )
Created to preserve peace after the
war
Reinforced principles of
sovereignty and non-intervention
Reflected the postwar balance of
power
Security Council – to maintain
peace and security
Permanent 5 have veto (vestiges
of the Concert)
Took over the duties of the League
Grew larger than the league because
of decolonization(2015, 193)
Internationalism and the colonized world

Colonized world largely ignored

Concert-era international lawyers
– did not believe colonies were
part of the same legal terrain
Wilson’s self-determination did
not seem to include colonies
Second international did not
support anti-colonial struggles
For a while, only Communists
paid attention to issues of
imperialism and decolonization
 Decolonization after the war
Imperial powers were in ruin
and could not maintain
colonies
Wartime defeats exposed the
weakness of imperial powers
Wartime heroes in the
colonized world became
prominent
 The Third World
After WWII, Cold War divided the world
First world: NATO and the Western Alliance
Second World: Communist countries
Third World: Those caught in between the superpowers
INTERNATIONALISM
It is anchored on the opinion
that nationalism should be
outrun because links that bind
people of different countries are
more powerful than those that
disconnect them (Anora, 2014).
GLOBALISM
This concept emerged as an
attitude that seeks to understand
all the interconnections of the
modern world and to highlight
patterns that underlie them.
 The Bandung Conference (1955)
29 countries participated
Established to combat
colonialism and
neocolonialism by either
the US or the USSR
Birth of the non-aligned
movement
A Mazinnian
internationalism for
decolonizing countries
 Indonesian President Sukarno at Bandung

We are often told "Colonialism is dead." Let

us not be deceived or even soothed by that. 1
say to you, colonialism is not yet dead.
How can we say it is dead, so long as vast
areas of Asia and Africa are unfree.
And, I beg of you do not think of
colonialism only in the classic form which
we of Indonesia, and our brothers in
different parts of Asia and Africa, knew.
Colonialism has also its modern dress, in
the form of economic control, intellectual
control, actual physical control by a small
but alien community within a nation. It is a
skilful and determined enemy, and it appears
in many guises. It does not give up its loot
easily. Wherever, whenever and however it
appears, colonialism is an evil thing, and one
which must be eradicated from the earth. . . .
Legacies of Bandung
Third world solidarity
Developing world, Global South,

Cementing the emphasis on national

development against “neocolonial
intervention.”
G22 and the anti-globalization movement
Regionally-driven internationalism
VIDEO PRESENTATION
#bandung
The End