Signals and Systems Engineering

PREPARED BY

KHALIL MOHAMED KHALIL

DEPARTMENT OF SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS
ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
EL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY

(EGYPT)
Signals and Systems Engineering

LEARNING UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

ENGINEERING
Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering
 Signals and Systems is an introduction to analog and digital signal
processing, a topic that forms an integral part of engineering systems
in many diverse areas, including seismic data processing,
communications, speech processing, image processing, defense
electronics, consumer electronics, and consumer products.
 The course presents and integrates the basic concepts for both
continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems. Signal and
system representations are developed for both time and frequency
domains. These representations are related through the Fourier
transform and its generalizations, which are explored in detail.
Filtering and filter design, modulation, and sampling for both analog
and digital systems, as well as exposition and demonstration of the
basic concepts of feedback systems for both analog and digital
systems, are discussed and illustrated.
Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering
1. Introduction of signals and systems engineering, Elementary Continuous-Time and
Discrete-Time Signals)
Systems in Engineering - Functions of Time as Signals - Finite-Energy and Finite-Power Signals -
Even and Odd Signals- Transformations of the Time Variable

2. Classification of signals
Periodic Signals - Exponential Signals - Periodic Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals -
Discrete-Time Impulse and Step Signals

3. Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems

System Models and Basic Properties – Linear and nonlinear system – causal and non-causal
systems – Stable and non-stable systems – Time Variant and time invariant systems –
Interconnection of systems

4. Linear Time Invariant Systems

Discrete-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Sum - Continuous-Time LTI Systems: The
Convolution Integral - Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems

5. Differential and Difference LTI Systems

Impulse Response of a Differential LTI System - Impulse Response of a Difference LTI System
Characteristic Polynomials and Stability of Differential and Difference Systems - Time Constant
and Natural Frequency of a First-Order LTI Differential System
Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering
6. Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Continuous-Time Signals
Linear Combinations of Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials - Determination of the Fourier
Series Representation of a Continuous Time Periodic Signal - Graph of the Fourier Series
Coefficients: The Line Spectrum Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series - Fourier Series of a
Periodic Rectangular Wave - Optimality and Convergence of the Fourier Series - Existence of a
Fourier Series Representation - Gibbs Phenomenon - Fourier Series of a Periodic Train of Impulses
7. The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform as the Limit of a Fourier Series - Properties of the Fourier Transform -
Examples of Fourier Transforms - The Inverse Fourier Transform – Duality - Convergence of the
Fourier Transform - The Convolution Property in the Analysis of LTI Systems - Fourier Transforms
of Periodic Signals – Filtering
8. The Laplace Transform
Definition of the Two-Sided Laplace Transform - Inverse Laplace Transform - Convergence of the
Two-Sided Laplace Transform - Poles and Zero's of Rational Laplace Transforms - Properties of
the Two-Sided Laplace Transform - Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems using the
Laplace Transform - Definition of the Unilateral Laplace Transform - Properties of the Unilateral
Laplace Transform
9. Application of the Laplace Transform to LTI Differential Systems
The Transfer Function of an LTI Differential System - Block Diagram Realizations of LTI
Differential Systems - Analysis of LTI Differential Systems With Initial Conditions Using the
Unilateral Laplace Transform - Transient and Steady-State Responses of LTI Differential Systems
Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering
Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering

Signals and Systems, Oppenheim & Willsky

What is a Signal?
• A signal is a pattern of variation of some form
• Signals are variables that carry information

Examples of signal include:

Electrical signals
– Voltages and currents in a circuit

Acoustic signals
– Acoustic pressure (sound) over time

Mechanical signals
– Velocity of a car over time

Video signals
– Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time
Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering

How is a Signal Represented?

 Mathematically, signals are represented as a function
dependent variable of one or more independent variables.
 For instance a black & white video signal intensity is
dependent on x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t)
 On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with
signals that are a function of a single variable: time
f(t)

t
Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering

Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit

Introduction Signals and Systems
Engineering

Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals

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What is a System?
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End of Introduction Signals and Systems

Engineering