Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Moral and Civic Education PPT 2020
Moral and Civic Education PPT 2020
Opening Remarks
Nomenclature
Defining Civics, Ethics, Morality
Nature of Ethics and Morality
Ethics and Law
The Importance/Goal of Moral and Civic Education
Nomenclature
Civic/Citizenship Education (Americans)
Citizenship and Character Education (Singapore)
Citizenship Education (Germany)
Right Education (South Africa)
Moral and Civic Education (Ethiopia) or
Civics and Ethical Education
1.1. Defining Civics/Civic Education
i) Etymological Origin;
From the Latin word “civitas”
which means citizens.
i) Etymological Origin;
Monotonous treadmill of definition
Ethics derived from Greek-ethos
Morality from Latin- mores/mos
Character
Behavior
Both implies Temperament
Principles or standards
ii) Current Application of the terms
Deviates from their etymological synonymous.
Morality can be understood as;
Activities of individual according to the standards
that enable to distinguish as good or bad.
Morality says, “do this, don’t do this”, “act this
way, acting the other way is wrong”, “follow these
principles, if not it is wrong”.
E.g.
do not kill, do not commit adultery,
Serving old parents, Moral rules.
being friendly and respectful to guests
Sharing the sorrow of others
Degree of It is formal and has some Informal and not immediate unlike
formality authoritative element legal rules
(Trespassing the law followed (Breaching such norms result in
by legal punishment) social exclusion)
man.
Formulating proper questions and attempt to solve
by rigorous reasoning.
e.g. ultimate causes and final goal of all things
in a rational and critical manner.
Why philosophy?
Questions of logic:-
correct or incorrect?
What are those principles that would help us to
v. Ethics/Moral Philosophy/
Intention behind ethics is how to attain good things
i. Comparative Politics:
any study of foreign government and politics.
uniformities, differences, and interrelationship among various
political systems.
theories.
ideas about politics and critical discussion of political values-
like justice, democracy….
iv. Political behavior(political psychology):
Why certain individual behave in a certain way.
why they do what they do.
v. Political Institutions:
Administrative organizations
What is Geography?
o Geography devoted the earth’s physical characteristics, its
traits.
7 Economics/Political Economy/
It tries to harmonize the unlimited wants of human being with
available scarce resources.
Devoted on production, distribution and consumption of
goods and services.
Adopting different alternatives(studying economic
activities, decisions and policies) for economic problems.
Unless man able to address economic problems, it would be
very hard to have a prevalence of;
Rule of law,
good governance,
international instruments
includes
believes in equality for all people;
puts the general welfare above ones own interest;
Respecting and upholding the rule of law
Actively participating in different affairs
v) Promoting the Culture of Civic Responsibility: - Civic
responsibility is the commitment to fulfilling obligations
as a citizen. It include;
obeying the law,
informed of public issues,
Monitoring leaders and governmental agencies
Keeping public property, cultural and historical heritage
Protecting the boundary/independence of one’s own
state.
vi). Building Civic Competence : - It is the ability and
willingness to participate effectively in civic life.
Engaging on socio-economic and political arena.
Enable keen observers of their nation’s issue
Thus, it is a tool to empowering
1.5. Competences of Good Citizens
i). Civic Knowledge: concerned with the content or what
citizens ought to know.
awareness about the socio-cultural, politico-economic
realities of the past and the present.
ii). Civic Skills: need to acquire relevant intellectual and
participatory skills.
critical thinking skills (To be able to think critically)
skills of decision making, communication, conflict
government.
Rights and obligations lie at the heart of citizenship.
ii. it refers to the legal and political status of an
individual member to be a citizen of the state.
the status of individuals in a state and
outside a state.
Attached benefits and responsibilities
official recognition of an individual’s
integration into the political system.
iii. An instrument of identification.
it is an official identity that distinguishes
from others.
it is a way by which citizens of a state can be
distinguished from citizens of other states.
For example, someone is officially identified with
an Ethiopian citizenship you can be differentiated
from citizens of other countries because you are
associated with the Ethiopian state.
iv). Citizenship is not static or rigid in nature; rather
it is characterized by its flexibility.
Members of various states may have differing
status, rights and privileges depending on the
nature of the states
In other words, all individuals residing
within a state may not be citizens.
In nutshell, Citizenships means
It implies a relationship b/n individual and
state.
It is a legal member of a state- the status of
getting membership in a certain political
society.
It is official recognition in to the political
system.
It is a right and duties of citizen.
It is an identification of an individuals
1.2.1. Process of Acquiring and Loosing of Citizenship
following rules.
i. jus soli which means the law of soil (by place of birth)
Children are citizens of the nation in which they are
alien person
It is purely under the authority of the state.
Brainstorming Question
How about in Ethiopia?
3.3. Overview of Citizenship and
Nationality Laws in Ethiopia
3.3.1. Way of acquiring citizenship in Ethiopia
1. By birth:
proc No 378/ 2003, article 3(1) any person
shall be an Ethiopian national by descent
where both or either of his parent is
Ethiopian.
2. By law (naturalization):
foreigner may acquire Ethiopian nationality by
law ;Articles 5-12 proc
i. Marriage:
Proc No 378/2003 Article 6 clearly explains the foreigner
who is married to an Ethiopian national may acquire
Ethiopian nationality by law when one fulfills the
following requirements:
1) The marriage is concluded in accordance with the
Ethiopian laws.
2) He has lived in Ethiopian for at least one year
preceding the submission of his application; and
3) He fulfilled the conditions stated under Article
5(1,7,8) of the proclamation.
Citizenship cannot be obliterated even if the partners get
divorced.
ii. Legitimation (case of adoption):
An illegitimate child has the right to get his biological
four years
must have sufficient and lawful source of income
One who is a person of good character
One have no record of criminal conviction
He/she shall be required to take the oath of
proclamation No 378/2003):
i) Any Ethiopian who has been guaranteed nationality of
another state shall have the right to renounce his
Ethiopian nationality.
ii) An Ethiopian who intends to renounce his nationality in
accordance with this Article sub Article (1) shall in
advance inform the authority in the form prescribed by
the authority
iii) renunciation of child pursuant to sub-Article (1)
of this Article shall be effected by the joint
decision of his parents or, where one of his parents
is a foreigner, by the decision of the Ethiopian
parent.
iv) An Ethiopian who has declared his intention to
renounce his nationality may not be released until
He has discharged his outstanding national
obligations, or
Where he has been accused of or convicted for
a crime, he has been acquitted or served the
penalty.
3.3.3. Dual nationality
is impossible in Ethiopian context Article 20 of proclamation No 378/
2003 supports the above statement by stating the following sub-
Article:
1) any Ethiopian who voluntarily acquires another nationality shall be
deemed to have voluntarily renounced his Ethiopian nationality.
2) An Ethiopian who acquires another nationality by virtue of being born
to a parent having a foreign nationality or by being born abroad shall be
deemed to have voluntarily renounced his other nationality unless he has
declared to the Authority his option to retain it by renouncing his other
nationality with in one year after attaining the age of majority.
Brainstorming Question
What do you recommend about Dual Nationality in Ethiopia?. Is it
better to allow dual nationality or not?
CHAPTER-TWO
2. ETHICS AND ETHICAL THEORIES
N
o
Philosophy
N n
V
o -
Aesthet r n i
Metaphy Epistem
sics ics o r
mEthics ology
Logic
a r t
t m u
i a
v t
e
e i E
E v t
t e h
h E i
i t c
c h
Opening Remarks
Moral philosophy/ Ethics is concerned with the
elucidation of moral principles, clarification of
fundamental ethical concepts and critical discussion
of positions and perspectives.
Ethical Rules or Moral Values:- those values that
societies.
The ancient Greek philosophers were the first to
decisions.
Euthanasia(peaceful death assisted by
medical workers)
develop moral values and principles that we
controversial.
Every moral issues is not the subject of applied ethics
hand it is.
5. Fecundity, its ability to produce still
further pleasures.
6. Purity, its freedom from ensuing pains.
7. Extent, the number of people affected wouldn’t you rather be a
ii). Equated pleasures equally dissatisfied human than a
Playing card and conducting scientific satisfied pig.
experiment has the same satisfaction.
Greatest meant best(quality).
“greatest” meant most(amount), .”
“If the game of push-pin furnish more pleasure, it is “It is better to be a human being
more valuable” dissatisfied than a pig satisfied.”
Deontological/Non consequentialist/ Ethics
“deo/deon” is Greek word mean “to bind”, “duty”
Deontology, therefore, is the study of duty in moral
matters
Morality is a matter of duty;
Or
Deontological ethics considers duty as a standard of
moral judgment and the kernel of its claims.
Without the consideration of duty, correct ethical
judgment is impossible.
Deontologist(Means) is the antithesis of teleologist (end)
“The means justify the end”
Aim of man’s life is happiness Vs aim of man’s life is fulfilling duty .
Duty;
duty is moral obligation to be fulfilled according to moral
law, irrespective of one’s pleasantness or not.
Hence, a person’s morality(one’s goodness or badness) could
be determined with reference to moral law.
Moral Law: is principle that comes to our mind in a
moment of choosing and/or doing things.
If the moral law says “do it”, one has a duty to do it, if it
says “don’t do it” one has a duty to refrain from doing it.
Keeping promise
Refrain to wish other property
Do not harm others Duty=moral duty
Help others in need
What is this moral law that we have a duty to
respect it?
Do it mean that the law of the state?
Is it the cultural moral values of the society?
Is it the commandment of God? Or
Do they mean the respect of moral law that
exist in our conscience?
Study day and night then you will score good result.
E.g; help the needy one b/se you will get to heaven.
In this case, helping others(poor) is depend up on certain
goals. Thus, Kant conclude that such act is not good moral
act. Since it lacks the motive to respect the moral law. Or
“Treating others as means to your end” Stop!
B). Categorical Imperative
Morality is unconditional
Unconditional (no “ifs”) and independent of any
times.
Imperative-principle on which we ought to act
Categorical – uniform and universal in its applicability
without exception in every situation.
You ought to do X since it is your obligation (regardless of
any result)
Example:
Love your country b/se it is your obligation
Thus, good man(right man) is a person who has good will.
Good here refers the moral law itself
Will is human ability to decide and act in respect of
moral law.
Thus, good will is the capacity to make choices on the
base of moral law.
Our mind has the natural capacity to distinguish what is
good and bad
Thus, a good man act consciously and abide by moral law.
“treat people as an end never as a means to an end”.
That is, we should always treat people with
concepts.
For instance; “tell only the truth” is right
Meta Ethics ask:
action.
Character is a key concept in virtue ethics.
What is Character?
The person’s essence(who that person is or it makes us who we
are), the make up of one’s personality or disposition that display in
a society.
Virtue Ethics is the quality of doing what
is good and not doing what is right
Stinginess
Giving Money Generosity Prodigality
(selfishness)
Mildness(gentleness
Anger Inirascibility Irascibility
).
Temperance(Moderati
Seeking Pleasure Insensibility on) Self-Indulgence
ii). Character Trait of Virtues Man
What are the essential features of virtues that make us being good
always?
Courage
Compassion
Justice Self-discipline
Honest Tactfulness
Humility/Humbleness Moderation
Wit/humor Magnificence/Brilliance
Prudence Tolerance
Temperance Civility/Politeness
For Virtue is its own
reward !
Professional Ethics
Profession and professional
i). Profession refers to the knowledge, skill, and
ability, which can be acquired through formal
educational institutions. such as universities,
colleges and training centers.
Profession is a type of regular job or occupation
the following.
Attaining special knowledge of science or
vocation
Being Licensed(certificated)
Formal/extensive education/training(requires
along period training to be characterize a
profession).
Recognition by government and society
It provides an important service for society.
Aims and Nature of Profession
Professional practice of one person is hardly exist.
sufficient.
Having degree by it self is not a guarantee to
obtain and maintain good job.
Thus, should guided by moral ideas.
State
Element of State and State Structures
different writers.
Different sociologists look at society from different
angles.
i) In its broad sense:-
A Society is an organized group of people living together
in a given territory.
A group of people living together or an assemblage
of people living together.
ii. Society represents totality of relationships among
humans.
a). It is the integrated whole system that consists of
other activities as sub systems.
Society is a broad term that consists of state
and other realm.
b). In political science;
the term is to mean the totality of human
SOCIETY
2.2. Attributes/ elements of Society
In fact, any assemblage of people cannot be
regarded as a society.
In order to be considered as a society a group of
E. Functional Differentiation
All individuals never perform similar activities
Vs
Symbols like
Salute- Physical gestures of the respect
e.g. The solder saluted the colonial
Comparing Major Theoretical Perspectives
Functionalist Conflict Interactionism
View of society Stable, well Characterized by Active in influencing
integrated tension & struggle and affecting social
b/n groups interaction
political science.
No discussion is complete in political science
without reference to the word ‘State’.
In every day language we speak of the state
It touches every aspect of human life and that is
why it has captured the attention of all political
philosophers since the days of Plato.
2.2. Defining and Understanding of State
kits.
Organizational and Functional Approaches
i) Organizational approach:
People
Territor
y STATE Gov’t
on
n i t i Sovereig
c og nty
Re
i. Permanent population
no state unless people live together an associated
life.
more or less permanent population (not mobile
population).
The question is how much people constitute state?
Com
muni Tribe
ty
C. Force Theory
State is created by the use of physical force.
It originates as a result of superior physical force;
Subjugation of the weaker by the stronger.
one group conquers another by force and leader of
the victor’s assumes ultimate authority
in primitives times the man of physical
formation of a state.
State of Nature- a period without
authority of any kind.
citizens.
It is evil b/se it restricts the freedom of individuals.
ii). Not only one but many factors have played their
part.
Thus, state is a result of many factors it includes
kinship, religion, force, economics, political
consciousness, etc.
State Structure
This day, we find many states. All of these are not
similar in many ways. For instance;
very small or very large in their territorial
extent and population.
Some states are highly developed others are less
developed or very poor.
socio-economic, and technological
difference.
Some provide freedoms and rights and others
provide little or no freedom.
States can also be differentiated by the
structures of state they have.
Basic Features of Unitary State Structure
i). Supremacy of central government
central government has exclusively control the
power(strong single center).
All the authorities and powers are exclusively in
the hands of the central government.
local and regional political bodies(unit) over
ruled by the central government.
ii).Absence of subsidiary sovereign bodies
No devolution of power(indivisible) but may
delegates certain administrative
responsibilities.
Assigned specific functions/authority
iii). Sub-national units are created or
abolished by the will of the center
existence of local units is on the interest of
the central government.
Local units do not have an independent
constitutional status.
unlike federal states where their
existence and power is legally
defined by the states constitution.
so, central government may
increase or decrease their power.
Potential Advantages and Disadvantages
i). Merits may include:-
it can bring about uniformity of law, policy
However;
Some common features/federal principles
Written constitution
Division of power
Dual set of gove’t (shared rule and self rule)
Tiers of government
Level of gov’t act in their own jurisdiction
Umpiring/guardian of the constitutions/disputes
Bi-cameral House
Brainstorming Questions
ways.
1. Coming Together/Aggregation/
Independent states voluntarily form a bigger union.
Evolved from formerly independent states
had all had a previous existence and desired to
unite.
Centripetal force like threat of big states
E.g. U.S.A.(1789)-13 colonies
Swiss(1848)- 25 cantons
Australia
autonomy.
E.g. India, Germany Belgium,
regional states.
Division of Power in Federal Structure
Short Answer
Point out at least three principles of federal political
system
i)____________________
ii)________________________
iii).________________________
3.3. Defining, Functions and Forms of
Government
state
It is the executive agent that acts in the name of
i). Self-preservation:
Maintenance of law and order in society.
Protect the security of citizens territory from internal
parliamentary.
Semi-presidentialism may be defined by three features:
A president who is popularly elected.
president has considerable constitutional authority.
exists also a prime minister and cabinet, subject to the
confidence of the assembly majority.
Thus, there is an existence of both president & prime Minster
power relationship between two offices may vary
France for example, the president enjoys supremacy.
South Africa, Germany, Russia, France
Comparative Analysis of Society, State and Government
Society State
It is a web of social relationship It is an instrument to serve the
members.
Held together a society
In terms of time. It comes first It came in to existence at a
to state certain stage of human
It is historically as well as development.
logically prior to the state.
Society is natural to human There have been times when
beings. Man can’t live outside it. man has lived without the state.
It operate on the bases of It exercises authority with the
customs and conventions. help of laws enacted and enforced
can punish through moral by Government.
persuasion and social ostracism or Through force
expulsion, can not imprison
State Government
Art 1 FDREC)
defines the scope of governmental sovereign
powers(vertical/horizontal division).
govern internal/external affairs of the state
specifies the relation between citizen and state(right and
duties).
ii) Constitutionalism
i) Generality:
general framework of the law and the government
laws
Other laws provide the details of the subject
ii) Supremacy:-
As a mother law of the land.
The source of other laws in a county-other laws should
derived from the constitution.
To ensure this supremacy, the constitution needs to have
a supremacy clause( E.g: Art 9 FDRE)
judicial review-Supreme Court or specialized
constitutional court, HoF(Ethiopia)
need special amending procedures
iii) Permanency:
unlike laws, constitution is made for undefined period of
time
serve for a long lap of ages
iv) Original:-
because it is directly made by the people as the direct
Amendment
i) Based on State Structure
Procedure distribution of power
Forms b/n the different
• Rigid levels of governments
• Written Constitution • Federal vs
• Unwritten • Flexible • Unitary
Constitution
1. Written and Unwritten Constitution
(codified/uncodified)
classification of constitution on the basis of
Chapter Issues
Chapter-1 The Succession to the Throne
Chapte-2 The Powers and Prerogatives of
the Emperor
Chapte-3 Rights and Duties of the People
Chapte-4 The Ministers of the Empire
Chapte-5 The Legislative Chambers
had 8 chapters & 121
Chapte-6 The Judicial Power Articles.
Chapte-7 Finance
Chapte-8 General Provisions
1987 PDRE
Chapter Issues
since 1889.
It was the defeat of the Italian forces in the WWII that
brought the Eritrean issue in to attention.
British mandate between 1942-1952 Eritrea finally
decided federate with Ethiopia.
Outcome of the federation
led to the incorporation of two other documents
i. Federal Act- was a document that specified the
terms of agreements for the federation between Eritrea
and Ethiopia
ii. Eritrean Constitution- Eritrean established their
own constitution
Both documents were far modern and better than the
previous 1931 Ethiopian constitution.
Since they incorporated progressive political
elements like democracy and human right, which
were unimagined in the 1931 constitution.
it has given a textual recognition for the rights and
liberties of citizens even if it was short of practice.
Departure from predecessor:-
chamber of Deputies whose members were
elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage
legal charter for the consolidation of
absolutism
nobility drawn from Showa-
Showanization of the state
creation of a modern army
bureaucracy
iii. The 1987 Constitution of PDRE(Dergue)
Before the birth of the PDRE constitution a
revolutionary forces.
Immediately after coming to power the Derg
issued proc No 1/1974. The proclamation
addressed some basic issues.
It suspended the 1955-revised constitution
Dissolved the two chamber parliaments
Replace by National Shengo
Legally suspended the Emperor from power and
established the military government.
This proclamation cannot be given a constitutional status
because it does not touch basic constitutional issues
other than deposing the Emperor from power.
between 1974-1987 was a period of constitutional
vacuum in Ethiopia.
IV. The Transitional Charter (1991-1994)
Derge regime crumble
territory
the right to participate in the central government based
put in to effect
The constitution was drafted to address the
as democracy.
Like the former Soviet union, Chinese or North
Korea … call themselves democratic state.
As a concept defies a simple answer.
Albeit, most commonly used terms in political
Indirect:
Because people rule themselves through their
representative.
people elect their representatives and representative’s
rule for the people.
Indirect democracy now a day prevails in the present world.
or
people are the sources of authority
People is authoritative to authorize as well as
depose officials from power.
Governments derive their power and
authority from the people.
ii). Popular Participation
Active participation of people in decision-making
people.
enables you to hold opinions, beliefs and
individual freedom.
political &legal equality but not economic
equality.
State intervenes to protect/ guarantee of basic
ii). Socialist Democracy
emphasis to strong state intervention in the economy.
it is based on the acceptance of economic and social
equality.
Liberal democracy encourages a society where there is
class contradiction and private property. Where as,
socialist democracy attempts to create classless society
by eliminating private properties
Demerits/Disadvantages of Democracy
Begs the question who the people are and how they can
participate in rule.
Prefers quantity rather than quality(majority voice),
electorate.
Plutocracy/rule of the rich)
4. 3. Human Rights
4.3.1. Defining What HR mean?
o The precise definition of Right is controversial.
human rights.
Since, an extension of Natural Rights
4. HRs are Eternal.
As far as human society exists on earth human rights
continue to exist.
any change in government or social, political, economic
content
Karel. Vasak a French jurist classify HRs as:-
American Revolutions
include those rights which are called civil and
political rights
set out in the first eighteen articles of the UDHR and
political rights are those set out in Articles 19 to 21 of the
UDHR
also referred as “ Negative Rights”
But some right like right to security of person and right
government actions
It includes:-
Freedom from racial and equivalent forms of discrimination
Freedom of Expression
Freedom from slavery or involuntary servitude.
Protection from unlawful acts by the state such as imprisonment,
forced labor, freedom from torture and from inhuman or cruel or
degrading treatment or punishment.
right to life, fair trial etc….
right to vote and to stand for office
Freedom of assembly and Association
ii. Second Generation of Rights
Rights.
It includes:-
Best of Luck!!!