CMP - 270

Database Systems
for BS (IT)

Lecture 2:
Database Architecture and Components

Hareem Aslam
Hareem.aslam@pucit.edu.pk

Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT)

Importance of DBMS
• Makes data management more efficient and effective
• Query language allows quick answers to ad hoc queries
• Provides better access to more and better-managed data
• Promotes integrated view of organization’s operations
• Reduces the probability of inconsistent data
• Improved data sharing
• Improved data security
Why Database Design is Important

 Database design focuses on design of database structure

used for end-user data
 Designer must identify database’s expected use
 Well-designed database:
 Facilitates data management
 Generates accurate and valuable information
 Poorly designed database:
 Causes difficult-to-trace errors
Database Systems
 Database consists of logically related data stored in a
single repository

 Provides advantages over file system management

approach
 Eliminates data inconsistency (lack of data integrity), data
anomalies, data dependency, and structural dependency
problems
 Stores data structures, relationships, and access paths
Database vs. File Systems
Database System Environment
Database System Environment

 Hardware
 System’s Physical devices
 Computers

 Peripherals

 Network
Database System Environment
 Software
 Operating system: manages hardware components
 DBMS: manages database
 MS Access, SQL Server, Oracle, DB2
 Application and utility software: support access and
manipulate data
 Generate information for decision making
 Help to manage database system
Database System Environment
 People (five users)
 System administrator: hardware system support
 Database administrator: manage DBMS use
 Database designer: design database structure
 System analyst and programmers: implement application
programs
 End users
Database System Environment

 Procedures
 Instruction and rule that govern the design and
use of the database system
 Data
Types of Databases
 Single-user database: Supports one user at a time
 Desktop database: Runs on PC
 Multiuser database: Supports multiple users at the
same time
 Workgroup databases: Supports a small number of users or a
specific department
 Enterprise database: Supports many users across many
departments

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Types of Databases

 Centralized database: Data is located at a single site

 Distributed database: Data is distributed across different

sites
 Cloud database: Created and maintained using cloud data

services that provide defined performance measures for the

database

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Types of Databases

 General-purpose databases: Contains a wide variety of

data used in multiple disciplines

 Discipline-specific databases: Contains data focused on

specific subject areas

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Types of Databases

 Operational database: Designed to support a company’s

day-to-day operations
 Analytical database: Stores historical data and business
metrics used exclusively for tactical or strategic decision
making
 Data warehouse: Stores data in a format optimized for decision
support

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Types of Databases

 Online analytical processing (OLAP)

 Enable retrieving, processing, and modeling data from the data
warehouse
 Business intelligence: Captures and processes business data
to generate information that support decision making

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DBMS Functions
 Objective: Guarantee the integrity and consistency of data. It
has several functions:
DBMS Functions
Data dictionary management
• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of the data elements and their
relationships (metadata)

Data storage management

• Performance tuning: Ensures efficient performance of the database
in terms of storage and access speed
Data transformation and presentation
• Transforms entered data to conform to required data structures

Security management
• Enforces user security and data privacy
DBMS Functions
Multiuser access control
• Sophisticated algorithms ensure that multiple users can access
the database concurrently without compromising its integrity

Backup and recovery management

• Enables recovery of the database after a failure

Data integrity management

• Minimizes redundancy and maximizes consistency
DBMS Functions
Database access languages and application programming
interfaces
• Query language: Lets the user specify what must be done without
having to specify how
• Structured Query Language (SQL): De facto query language and
data access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors

Database communication interfaces

• Accept end-user requests via multiple, different network

environments
Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture
 ANSI
 American National Standards Institute
 SPARC
 Standards Planning and Requirements Committee
 1975
 Proposed a framework for DBS
Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

 External level (Database Users)

 Provide a view of the database tailored to a user
 Data gathering
 Conceptual level (Database Designer)
 Deals with the organization of data as a whole
 Constraints and security
 Entity-relationship diagram
 Normalization
 Internal level (System Designer)
 Deal with physical storage of data
 Storage, index, compression, & encryption
 File organization
Database Schemas
 The overall description of the database is called the database
schema.
 Database schema (intension) & database instance
(extension)
 External schemas (subschema)
 Conceptual schema (database schema)
 Internal schema
Mapping

 Translate information from one level to the next

 External/conceptual mapping
 Conceptual/internal mapping
 Provide data independence
Data Independence
 upper levels are unaffected by changes to lower levels.
 Logical data independence
 Conceptual level changed shouldn’t affect external levels

 Physical data independence

 Change to internal level shouldn’t affect conceptual level
 Database Languages
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Structured Query Language (SQL)
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Procedural DML
 Non-procedural DML
 Structured Query Language (SQL)
 Query-by-Example (QBE)
 Fourth-Generation Language
 Form, report, graphics, & application generators
Textbook
Carlos Coronel, Steve Morris, “Database Systems” Design, Implementation,
Management, 12th Ed. Course Technology, 2016”.

Reference book
 C. J. DATES “Database Management Systems”8”
 M. TAIMER “Distributed Database Management Systems” 2nd Edition
 Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey Hoffer, “Modern Database Management ”
Design, Implementation, Management, 5th Edition, ISBN 0-201-47432-x