Contributions of each

Civilizations in Science
Reynmazel I. Alcausin
azelalcausin29@gmail.com
 Table of contents
4-8 9-12 13-16
Sumerian Babylonian Roman
Civilization Civilization Civilization

17-21 22-26 27-31

Egyptian Indian Chinese
Civilization Civilization Civilization
Presented By:

Reynmazel I. Alcausin
Student and Presenter
Sumerian
Civilization
• Transportation Tools
• War Hunting
• Agriculture
• Brewing.
• The Wheel
• Pickaxe
• Different Types of land and water vessels
• Cuneiform
 Sumerian Civilization
• Transportation Tools- The Sumerians didn't invent wheeled vehicles, but they probably
developed the first two-wheeled chariot in which a driver drove a team of animals.

• War Hunting- the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) hunted gazelle, wild boar,
stags, wild mules and birds, not for pleasure but to supplement their grain and other crops.

• Agriculture- They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce,
leeks and mustard. They also raised cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. They used oxen as their

primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal.

• Brewing- This special beverage was made from the same grains which the Sumerians

were well aware how important it was to their civilization. As such, brewing was sacred,

serious business.
Sumerian Civilization
• The Wheel- These wheels spun flat side up, and on a axle. Soon after that, the Sumerians
discovered that the wheel could be used a different way. They flipped the pottery wheels on

their edges, and found out that they could be used for rolling things forward.

• Pickaxe- In Sumerian literature, the hoe or pickaxe is used not only in creation of the
Ekur but also described as the tool of its destruction in city-lament hymns such as the

Lament for Ur, where it is torn apart with a storm and then pickaxes.

• Different Types of land and water vessels- The Sumerian sailboat was
constructed from light materials which not only enabled it to float but allowed the boats

to easily be ferried from land to sea and back again. As the Sumerian sailboats became

increasingly used for battle or tactical maneuvering, the design of the boat evolved.

• Cuneiform- With cuneiform, writers could tell stories, relate histories, and support the
rule of kings.
Fun facts about Sumerians:
-The Sumerian people were creative and innovative. They were believed to have invented
the sailboat, the chariot, the wheel, and the plow. They were the first to raise their
hands in the fields of literature, mathematics, and astronomy, and they created a
cylinder seal to act as a form of personal identification.
Sumer

Babylon
 Babylonian
Civilization

• Tower of Babel • Agriculture

• Garden of Babylon • Code of Hammurabi
• Mathematics • Sundial
• Astrology & Astronomy • Art and Architecture
• Horoscope • Concept of time
 Babylonian
Civilization
• Tower of Babel- The declared purpose of the tower was to reach the heavens, • Agriculture- In Babylonia the major crops included barley, dates, wheat,
to achieve fame for the people, lest they be scattered abroad into all lands.
However, this was in clear contradiction with (possibly an act of rebellion against)
God's command to go out and fill the whole earth.
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were
one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World listed by Hellenic culture. They were
described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered
gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green
mountain constructed of mud bricks.
• Mathematics- The Babylonians divided the day into 24 hours, each hour into
60 minutes, each minute into 60 seconds. This form of counting has survived for
4000 years.
• Astronomy- reveals that Babylonians tracked Jupiter by calculating the areas of
trapezoids they used to symbolize the planet's motion across the sky.
• Astrology- Babylonian astrology was the first known organized system of
astrology, arising in the second millennium BC.
lentils, peas, beans, olives, pomegranates, grapes, and vegetables. Pistachios
were grown in the royal gardens.
• Code of Hammurabi- The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282
rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and
punishments to meet the requirements of justice.
• Sundial- Using the Sundial the Babylonians divided the day into twenty-four
hours. From there on we know what time it is and organize daily life together.
• Art and Architecture- Babylonian temples were thus massive structures
of crude brick, supported by buttresses. The use of brick led to the early
development of the pilaster and column, and of frescoes and enameled tiles. The
walls were brilliantly colored, and sometimes plated with zinc or gold, as well as
with tiles.
• Concept of time- "Babylonian hours" divide the day and night into 24
equal hours, reckoned from the time of sunrise. They are so named from the false
belief of ancient authors that the Babylonians divided the day into
24 parts, beginning at sunrise.
 Fun facts about Babylonians:
Fun Facts About the Babylonians. Nebuchadnezzar had a moat built around the
city of Babylon for defense. That must have been quite a sight in the desert!
All that remains of the city of Babylon is a mound of broken mud buildings
about 55 miles south of Baghdad, Iraq. Alexander the Great captured Babylon as
part.
Sumer

Babylon
 • Roman Engineering Skills
• The arch and concrete

Roman •
•
•
Aqueducts
Underground sewers

Civilization
The dome on the top had a round opening called an eye
• Permanent roads
 Roman Civilization
• Roman Engineering Skills- Roman engineers improved upon older ideas and inventions to introduce a great number of
innovations. They developed materials and techniques that revolutionized bridge and aqueducts' construction, perfected ancient
weapons and developed new ones, while inventing machines that harnessed the power of water.
• The arch and concrete- The Romans were also innovators and they combined new construction techniques and materials with
creative design to produce a whole range of brand new architectural structures. Typical innovative Roman buildings included the
basilica, triumphal arch, monumental aqueduct, amphitheatre, and residential housing block.
• Aqueducts- Big pipes to carry water from lake to the city.
• Underground sewers- to carry off dirt and waste water.
• The dome on the top had a round opening called an eye- When the Pantheon was built the only source of light was the
oculus in the center of the dome. The opening measures 8.2m in diameter and is also referred to as 'The Eye of the Pantheon'.
• Permanent roads- The Roman roads were notable for their straightness, solid foundations, cambered surfaces facilitating
drainage, and use of concrete made from pozzolana (volcanic ash) and lime.
Fun facts about Romanians:
• The Romans would have baths together. To keep clean the Romans would go
to communal - that means big baths where everyone would get in together.
• The Romans invented loads of things! They may have lived ages and ages ago
but they invented load of things we still use today.
• The Roman’s most popular form of entertainment were Gladiator fights.
That’s where they put people in a ring and they fight to death.
• The rich Romans had servants. All the rich Romans would have servants to
do anything they wanted for them.
Roman Empire
 Egyptian
Civilization
• First to use stone in architecture
• Hieroglyphs
• There was no money system in Ancient Egypt
• Manufacture the world's first paper • Square roots and fractions to calculate the area of circle/
• the volume of the cylinder.
Invented ink to go with it.
• The invented sail
• Water clock to tell the time during night
• Rely for wind power
• World's first medical diagnosis
• Developed distinctive style of art and architecture of
• They evolved the system of Mathematics to deal with
glory of the Ancient Egypt.
problems such as buildings, land survey and calculating • Introduced the world's first solar calendar of 365 days
taxes. based on the annual flooding of the Nile River and to
time their agricultural operations.
 Egyptian Civilization
• First to use stone in architecture- The two principal building materials used in ancient Egypt were unbaked mud brick and stone.
• Hieroglyphs- flexible form of writing.
• There was no money system in Ancient Egypt
• Manufacture the world's first paper- Papyrus paper is the first paper in history. Found in the tombs and temples of Ancient Egyptians as
far back as 2700 B.C. It was made by Ancient Egyptians from papyrus plant. The amazing part about papyrus paper is that it's very strong, durable,
elastic and is made naturally.
• Invented ink to go with it.- Ancient Egyptians began writing with ink—made by burning wood or oil and mixing the resulting concoction
with water—around 3200 B.C.
• Water clock to tell the time during night- Invented to record time during periods of no sunlight for sundials, water clocks are one of the
oldest time-measuring instruments. The bowl-shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon, Egypt,
and Persia around the 16th century BC.
• World's first medical diagnosis- The ancient Egyptians practiced medicine with highly professional methods. They had advanced knowledge
of anatomy and surgery. Also, they treated a lot of diseases including dental, gynecological, gastrointestinal, and urinary disorders. They could
diagnose diabetes and cancer.
• They evolved the system of Mathematics to deal with problems such as buildings, land survey and calculating taxes.
 Egyptian Civilization
• Square roots and fractions to calculate the area of circle/ the volume of the cylinder.
• The invented sailboat- Like many inventions, the sailboat probably originated in ancient Egypt. Around 4000 BC, Egyptians
assembled a simple rigging system and suspended a piece of cloth in the air to pull basic log boats along rivers. These vessels were long and
narrow, and their simple rigging was difficult to control.
• Relay for wind power- As early as 3000 B.C., people used wind energy for the first time in the form of sail boats in Egypt. Sails
captured the energy in wind to pull a boat across the water.
• Developed distinctive style of art and architecture of glory of the Ancient Egypt.- Egyptian architecture, Architecture
developed since 3000 bc and characterized by post and lintel construction, massive walls covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial carving, flat
roofs, and structures such as the mastaba, obelisk, pylon and the Pyramids.
• Introduced the world's first solar calendar of 365 days based on the annual flooding of the Nile River and to
time their agricultural operations.
Fun facts about Egyptians:
• Ancient Egypt was one of the first civilizations with a written
language.
• Egyptian women were considered equal to men in every aspect except
occupation.
• The Ancient Egyptians invented the first breath mints.
• Many of their inventions are still in use today.
Egypt
• Astronomy
Indian Civilization
• Ancient Blacksmiths created the first beams used in construction
• Astronomical & Architectural marvel
• Ancient Indians were the first to incorporate long metal beams as structural
• 16 astronomical instruments are built there at a stone mortar plaster
components.
• Equinoctial Sundial
• Underground water buildings became the legacy of the Ancient Indian craftsmen
• Mathematical Work (Cycles outlining)
against flood and drought.
• The ancient use of words to express numbers the word "arms" was used as the number
• "Water building" was designed to meet both practical and spiritual in India's driest
and around 10 BC they were replaced by symbols.
regions.
• Indian System of nine digits that they used today traders and merchants were looking
• Traditional rainwater harvesting method
for an easy way to count and calculate.
• Intelligent Irrigation Strategy
• Ancient Indian mathematics and numeric system.
• Charkha
• The invention of the concept of Zero
• Spinning wheel as a simple and enormously efficient technological leap
• Iron Ore
• Medicine (spices and herbal)
• Chariot has 12 wheels, one for each month of the year its pulled by seven horses, one
• Ayuverda was the first system of Medicine
for each day of the week.
• Ancient Indian Operating Techniques
• Palm Leaf Manuscript
• Plastic Surgery
• Iron Workers played an important role in this ancient construction technique.
• Interlocking clouds designed to hold the stone blocks firmly in place.
 Indian Civilization
• Astronomical & Architectural marvel- The Indian astronomers made accurate discoveries on earth's rotation and direction of rotation; centuries
before, European astronomers came up with such predictions explaining concepts of Earth's rotation.
• 16 astronomical instruments are built there at a stone mortar plaster
• Equinoctial Sundial- Vrihat Smarat Yantra is a gigantic sundial, placed at the centre of the Jantar Mantar observatory. This is 27 m long and renowned as
the tallest sundial in the World. The Samrat Yantra, translating to 'supreme instrument' is an equinoctial sundial and measures time up to the precision of two
seconds.
• Mathematical Work (Cycles outlining)
• The ancient use of words to express numbers the word "arms" was used as the number and around 10 BC they were replaced by symbols.
• Indian System of nine digits that they used today traders and merchants were looking for an easy way to count and calculate.
• Architecture- Indian architecture is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Among a number of architectural styles and traditions, the best-known include
the many varieties of Hindu temple architecture, Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Mughal architecture, Rajput architecture and Indo-Saracenic
architecture.
• Ancient Indian mathematics and numeric system.
• The invention of the concept of Zero- The early use of iron may have developed from the practice of copper-smelting. While there is to date no proven
evidence for smelted iron in the Indus Valley civilization, iron ore and iron items have been unearthed in eight Indus Valley sites, some of them dating
to before 2600 BCE.
• Iron Ore- The early use of iron may have developed from the practice of copper-smelting. While there is to date no proven evidence for smelted iron in the
Indus Valley civilization, iron ore and iron items have been unearthed in eight Indus Valley sites, some of them dating to before 2600 BCE.
• Chariot has 12 wheels, one for each month of the year its pulled by seven horses, one for each day of the week.
• Palm Leaf Manuscript- Palm leaves were used as writing materials in the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia reportedly dating back to the
5th century BCE.
 Indian Civilization
• Ancient Blacksmiths created the first beams used in construction
• Ancient Indians were the first to incorporate long metal beams as structural components.
• Underground water buildings became the legacy of the Ancient Indian craftsmen against flood and drought.
• "Water building" was designed to meet both practical and spiritual in India's driest regions.
• Traditional rainwater harvesting method
• Intelligent Irrigation Strategy- The earliest mentions of irrigation are found in Rigveda chapters 1.55, 1.85, 1.105, 7.9, 8.69 and 10.101. The Veda
mentions only well-style irrigation, where kupa and avata wells once dug are stated to be always full of water, from which varatra (rope strap) and cakra
(wheel) pull kosa (pails) of water.
• Charkha- The charkha was both a tool and a symbol of the Indian independence movement. The charkha, a small, portable, hand-cranked wheel, is ideal
for spinning cotton and other fine, short-staple fibres, though it can be used to spin other fibres as well.
• Spinning wheel as a simple and enormously efficient technological leap
• Medicine (spices and herbal)
• Ayuverda was the first system of Medicine- Medicine in ancient India evolved from the magico-religious Vedic medicine to the highly systematic
Ayurvedic therapeutics. The physicians had varied social backgrounds. Highly respected and honored, they were expected to uphold strict moral standards.
• Metallurgical Techniques- In production engineering, metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or
engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product.
• Plastic Surgery- Plastic surgery and dental surgery were practiced in India even in ancient times. Students were properly trained on models. New
students were expected to study for at least 6 years before starting their training. Before beginning the training, the students were required to take a solemn
oath.
Fun facts about Indians:
• Arabic Numbers originated in India
• Ancient India established the oldest universities in the world
• Shampoo originated and was used in India during ancient times
• Chess and Snakes & Ladders were played in ancient times
• Ancient Indians had a well-developed concept of water harvesting
India
Chinese Civilization
• Great Wall of China was built to avoid invaders
• Forbidden City
• Riding System
• Money
• Roads and beautiful palaces in the capital
• Weights and measures
• Compass
• Gunpowder
• Wheelbarrow
• Seismograph
• Crossbow
• Iron Plowshare
• Moveable type
Chinese Civilization
• Great Wall of China was built to avoid invaders

• Forbidden City-Imperial bodyguards were stationed outside the gates of the palace, keeping out ordinary people, both to protect the safety of the emperor

and his royal family and to demonstrate the power of the emperor. Therefore, it was called 'Forbidden City'

• Riding System- Common modes of transportation in ancient China include ships, wheelbarrows, animal carts (which are simply wooden carts carried by

animals usually covered with canopies, or tops that protected the passengers), and the rickshaw (which is a type of transportation where a human would run

while holding onto a two-wheeled.

• Money-A yuanbao is a small metal ingot that was used in ancient China as money. Being made out of silver or gold, the value was determined by weight in

taels, which is a weight measurement, part of the Chinese system of weights and currency (see also: baht). Yuanbaos were made by individual silversmiths

for local exchange.

• Roads and beautiful palaces in the capital- China had a road system that paralleled the Persian Royal Road and the Roman road network in time

and purpose. Its major development began under Emperor Shihuangdi about 220 bce.

• Weights and measures- Traditional units of length include the chi ( 尺 ), bu ( 步 ), and li ( 里 ). The precise length of these units, and the ratios between

these units, has varied over time. 1 bu has consisted of either 5 or 6 chi, while 1 li has consisted of 300 or 360 bu.
 Chinese Civilization
• Compass- The compass was invented by Chinese between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD. It was first used in Feng Shui, the layout of buildings. By 1000 AD,

navigational compasses were commonly used on Chinese ships, enabling them to navigate.

• Gunpowder- Once gunpowder had been invented in China, the Silk Road helped spread it westwards. The first known instances of gunpowder in China are from 850 AD, but

there is now evidence of gunpowder being used for military purposes there until 919 AD.

• Wheelbarrow- The earliest wheelbarrows were used around 200 AD by soldiers in the armies of Chuko Liang, a Chinese general. They were used to transport supplies along

narrow embankments.

• Seismograph- In 132 AD, Chinese astronomer Zhang Heng created a seismometer, a device that detects the ground's movement during an earthquake.

• Crossbow- Chinese crossbows could pierce several layers of iron armor, but in China, where the defense and attack of walled cities was the primary focus of military

campaigns, the crossbow was valued for its ability to deliver volleys of bolts even more than for its power to penetrate.

• Iron Plowshare- The Chinese were using iron plows to till farm fields as far back as the 6th Century B.C. But a couple of hundred years later, some ingenious Han inventor

came up with the Kuan, also known as the moldboard plow.

• Moveable type- Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to

reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks) usually on the medium of paper.
 Fun facts about Chinese:
• Cleaning Up, Toilet paper was invented in China, but it was only made available to
Emperors.
• Fortune cookies are not a traditional Chinese custom. They were invented by a noodle
factory worker in the 1920’s, in San Francisco. We guess you could say fortune cookies are
a traditional American custom.
• The practice of foot binding began in the 900’s by female Chinese entertainers. Tightly
wrapped bandages gradually break the foot’s arch, forcing the heel and toes to grow inward
toward each other. This also caused the leg muscles to atrophy and become very thin, but
it was seen as highly sexual, and is still practiced by some to this day.
China
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