Water Supply and

treatment
(Ceng 4181)

for 3th years civil engineering

students.
By Bezu.A (MSc.) 2023
 CHAPTER FOUR
Water Intake and Conveyance
Deals with the transport of water from the source through the treatment plant to the
consumers.
• It requires
▫ intake structures,
▫ transmission lines,
▫ distribution pipe networks & other essential accessories.
The components of a water supply system can be divided into two major parts:
1.Transmission Line or Transmission Main: Pipeline from intake to reservoir tank .
2.Distribution Line: Pipeline from reservoir tank to tap stand.

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 Key requirements of intake
• Reliability
• Of adequate size to provide the required quantity of
water.
• Located to obtain the best quality water.
• Protected from objects that may damage equipment.
• Easy to inspect and maintain.
• Designed to minimize damage to aquatic life.
• Located to minimize navigational hazards.

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 Location for intake structures
• Avoid wastewater discharge points and pollution hazard
•Enable withdrawal of water from a range of levels
•Magnitude and direction of stream or current velocities
should not affect the function and stability of the intake
structure.
•Reliable access roads and power sources should be available
•should be near to treatment plant
•Major environmental impacts should be avoided

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 River intake

It is the structure constructed with an objective of withdrawing

water from the rivers.
It is generally constructed when water is required in large amount
for a large community.
River intakes are so located that even during the low water level in
the river water remains available at the intake in sufficient quantity
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Pumped river intake

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Unprotected river intake

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 Reservoir water intake
In the case of a reservoir created by constructing an earth dam,
the intake consists of a masonry or R.C.C intake tower (or
intake well) placed near the upstream toe of the dam. The
intake tower is connected to the top of the dam by a foot bridge
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 Canal Intake

The canal intake essentially consists of concrete or masonry intake

chamber of rectangular shape, admitting water through a coarse
screen. A fine screen is provided over the bell mouth entry of the outlet
pipe. The bell mouth entry is located below the expected low water level
in the canal.
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Multi-level intake

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Submerged Lake Intake

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Tower Intake

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 Design Criteria for intakes
• Design capacity = Q max-day
• Intake velocity should be ≤ 8 cm/s
• vertical positions intake ports should be such that good quality water is
withdrawn.
• Locate the top intake port at a distance not less than 2 m from the normal
water level and the bottom port at least 1 m above the bottom

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 Intake design
• Volume of pump detention time. A detention time of at least 20min is
recommended.
• At least two pumps to avoid interruption of service.
• Height (with a freeboard about 0.5m)
• Location of the bottom of the pump should be > 1.5m below the
lowest stream level or > 1m below stream bed.

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 Example 1: Canal Intake design
1. Design course screen and bell mouth canal intake for a city of 75,000 persons,
drawing water from a canal which runs only for 10 hours a day with a depth of
1.5m. Also calculate the head loss in the intake conduit if the treatment works are
0.25km away. Given average consumption per person=150l/day. Assume the
velocity through the course screens and bell mouth to be less than16cm/sec and
32cm/sec respectively.

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Example 1 Solution
Solution

Discharge required by the city=150 l/d x75000 =11250000l/d=11.25Ml/d

Since canal runs only for 10hrs a day, this whole daily flow is required to be drawn in 10
hours
11 .25
Therefore intake load per hour= Ml / hr  1.125Ml / hr  0.3125m 3 / sec
10

Design of coarse screen –area of coarse screen( which may be made as vertical iron bars of
20mm ф @ 3 to 5cm centre to centre),

disch arg e  entering  the  well  through  this  coarse  screen

=
velocity  through  the  screen

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Example 1 Solution
Max velocity through this screen is 0.16m/sec.
0.3125 2
Therefore minimum area of screen required= m  1.95m 2
0.16

Height of screen provided =1.5-0.15-0.3*assuming the min WL in canal to be 0.3m below

FSL)

=1.05m

Therefore minimum length of screen required =1.95/1.05=1.86 (neglecting area of bars)

Hence provide 2m length of coarse screen in the intake well.

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Con……
Design of bell mouth entry:

Area of bell mouth entry

disch arg e 0.3125 2
=  m
velocity  through  bell  mouth 0.32

if d is the dia. Of the bell mouth entry, then

 2 0.98 x 4
.d  0.98  d   1.12m say 1.2m ф bell mouth provided with
4 
perforations for fine screen.

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 Con…..
Design of intake conduit
Assuming the flow velocity in conduit as 1.5m/s, we have
disch arg e 0.3125
The area of conduit required =   0.208m 2
velocity 1.5
Diameter of pipe is give by:
 2 0.208
D  0.208  D  X 4  0.515m  say  0..5m
4 

We may hence use 0.5m diameter conduit

4 x 0.3125
Flow velocity through this 0.5m diameter conduit will then be=  1.59m / s
 .(0.5) 2

Head loss through the conduit up to treatment works is calculated by Hazen-William

equation

V=0.85CH.R0.63.S.0.54

Where CH=130 for cast iron pipe R=0.5/4=0.125m, V=1.59m/s, S slope of energy line.

Using the above data S=4.41x10-3

HL Head  loss
S=   H L  1.1025m 52
L length
 Assignment=3
1. Design two circular penstocks with screens of river intake for a city of 80,000
persons drawing water from a river with a depth of 1.8m. Also calculate the Head
loss in the intake conduit if the treatment works are ½ km away. Draw a neat sketch
of the river intake. Assume average consumption per person=160l/day. Assume the
velocity through the circular penstocks to be less than 8cm/s and also use CH=100
for calculating the head loss.

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 Purpose and types of pumps
Pump is a mechanical machine. It is used for lifting water or any fluid to
a higher elevations or at higher pressures.
The operation of lifting water or any fluid is called pumping.
Pumping may be adopted for following purposes in a water supply
scheme.
1. To increase the water pressure at certain points in the distribution
system.
2. To lift treated water to elevated storage tanks, so that it may flow
automatically under gravity into distribution system.
3. To lift raw river water or lake water to carry it to treatment plant.
4. To lift water available from wells to an elevated storage tank in stages.
5. To pump water directly into the distribution system.
6. To take out water from basins, sumps, tanks etc. 54
 Types of pumps
A. Classification based on mechanical principle of operation
i. Displacement pumps
ii. Centrifugal pumps
iii. Air lift pumps
iv. Miscellaneous pumps
B. Classification based on type of power required
i. Steam engine pumps
ii. Diesel engine pumps
iii. Electrically driven pumps
C. Classification based on the type of service called for
i. Low lift pumps
ii. High lift pumps
iii. Deep well pumps 55
Selection of a particular type of pump
• Capacity of pump
• Number of pump units required
• Suction conditions
• Lift (total head)
• Discharge conditions and variations in load
• Floor space requirement
• Flexibility of operation
• Starting and priming characteristics
• Type of drive required
• Initial costs and running costs
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 Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal Pumps are rotodynamic pumps which convert Mechanical energy into Hydraulic
energy by centripetal force on the liquid.
Centrifugal pumps are classified in to three categories
A. Radial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is developed wholly by centrifugal
force.
B. Mixed Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is developed partly by centrifugal
force and partly by the lift of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.
C. Axial Flow - a centrifugal pump in which the pressure is developed by the propelling or
lifting action of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.

• The discharge of a centrifugal pump is fixed by the design of the impeller and by the speed of
rotation.
Figure. 4.1. Centrifugal pumps (Volute pump)

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 Centrifugal pump installation

Figure 4.2. Vertical shaft centrifugal pump installed in a wet well

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 Figure 4.4. Centrifugal pump with horizontal
Figure 4.3. Centrifugal pump with vertical shaft shaft installed in a dry well or dry pit.
installed in a dry well or dry pit
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 Typical operating curves for a centrifugal pump

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 Pumping terms
The key performance parameters of centrifugal pumps are capacity, head,
BHP (Brake horse power), BEP (Best efficiency point) and specific
speed.
The pump curves provide the operating window within which these
parameters can be varied for satisfactory pump operation .
Head
A Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid. This
velocity energy is then transformed largely into pressure
energy as the liquid leaves the pump.
Therefore, the head developed is approximately equal to
the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller.
 Head

Where H = Total head developed in meter.

v = Velocity at periphery of impeller in meter per sec.
g = 9.81 m/Sec2

• A handy formula for peripheral velocity is:

V= RPM x D
60
D = Impeller diameter in meter
v = Velocity in m/sec
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 SUCTION LIFT

• It exists when the source of supply is below the center line of the pump.

•STATIC SUCTION LIFT is the vertical distance in meter from the

centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped.

Fig.4.6 Suction Lift ? Showing Static Heads in a Pumping System Where the Pump is
10/31/2023Located Above the Suction Tank. (Static Suction Head)
by:wondwesen 64
 SUCTION HEAD
•It exists when the source of supply is above the centerline of the pump.

•STATIC SUCTION HEAD is the vertical distance in meter from the

centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped.

Fig. 4.7 Suction Head ? Showing Static Heads in a Pumping System Where the
10/31/2023 Pump is Located Below the Suctionby:wondwesen
Tank. (Static Suction Head) 65
 •STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD is the vertical distance in meter
between the pump centerline and the point of free discharge or the
surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.

•TOTAL STATIC HEAD is the vertical distance in meter between

the free level of the source of supply and the point of free discharge
or the free surface of the discharge liquid.

•FRICTION HEAD (hf) is the head required to overcome the

resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent upon the
size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings,
flow rate, and nature of the liquid.

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 •VELOCITY HEAD (hv) is the energy of a liquid as a result of its
motion at some velocity V. It is the equivalent head in meter through
which the water would have to fall to acquire the same velocity, or in
other words, the head necessary to accelerate the water. Velocity head
can be calculated from the following formula:

•The velocity head is usually insignificant and can be ignored in most

high head systems. However, it can be a large factor and must be
considered in low head systems.

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 Capacity
•Capacity (Q) is normally expressed in liter per minute (lpm). Since
liquids are essentially incompressible, there is a direct relationship
between the capacity in a pipe and the velocity of flow. This
relationship is as follows:

Q = 60×A ×V or V=Q
60 × A
Where
A = area of pipe or conduit in square meter.
V = velocity of flow in meter per second.
Q = Capacity in liter per minute

NOTE: On vertical pumps the correction should be made to the eye

of the suction or lowest impeller.

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 Power and Efficiency

•Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the actual horsepower

delivered to the pump shaft.

•Pump output or hydraulic horsepower (WHP) is the liquid horsepower

delivered by the pump. These two terms are defined by the following
formulas.
WHP = Q× TDH× Sp Gr
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BHP = Q× TDH× Sp Gr
75x Pump Efficiency

Pump Efficiency = WHP

BHP

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 System-head curve for a pumping system

•For a specified impeller diameter and speed, a centrifugal pump

has a fixed and predictable performance curve.

•The point where the pump operates on its curve is dependent

upon the characteristics of the system in which it is operating,
commonly called the System Head Curve or, the relationship
between flow and hydraulic losses in a system.

• This representation is in a graphic form and, since friction losses

vary as a square of the flow rate, the system curve is parabolic in
shape.

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 System-head curve for a pumping system

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 System-head curve for a pumping system

Figure 4.10. System-head curves with Figure 4.11 System-head curves for low water
change in pipe sizes level (L.W.L.) and high water level (H.W.L.) in
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suction sump
 System-head curve for a pumping system

Figure 4.12 Operating point of a

centrifugal pump

Figure 4.14 Operation of pumps in parallel

Figure 4.13. Operating range of a

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centrifugal pump
 5.3 Cavitations'
•Cavitation is a phenomenon of cavity formation or the formation and
collapse of cavities. Cavities develop when the absolute pressure in a
liquid reaches the vapor pressure related to the liquid temperature.

•As the net positive suction head (NPSH) for a pump is reduced, a point
is reached where cavitation becomes detrimental.

•This point is usually referred to as the minimum net positive suction

head (NPSHmin) and is a function of the type of pump and the discharge
through the pump.

Zmin = Pa-Pv – NPSHmin – hls

γ
Where pa is atmospheric pressure, Pv is vapor pressure of fluid and hls
head loss in the suction pipe NPSH
10/31/2023
is obtained from manufactures
by:wondwesen 74
 5.4 PUMPING STATIONS
•Pumping station refers to hydraulic installations, which are used for
delivering water at the required rate (discharge) and head (pressure).
generally consist of
 The pumps (plus accessories:, delivery and suction pipes, valves, air-
vessel, etc)
 The intake structure,
The sump (or suction well) and other ancillary structures.

Raw-water pumping stations (Abstraction from surface sources):

•The pumping station is fed from an open-surface such as a canal, a river, or a
reservoir, often through a sump and an intake.

•With water levels varying over a large range, sediment may enter the sump
and intake. Sediment traps and screens (to trap floating debris) are therefore
usually provided.

•The station will probably also have multiple pumps (including standby units)
10/31/2023 which cater for the changes in sump levels.
by:wondwesen 75
 PUMPING STATIONS

Figure 4.15 River intake with pump

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 PUMPING STATIONS
Clean-water pumping stations (water supply from treatment plants):

•In the absence of gravity flow, treated water is supplied to a distribution

network or a storage tower reservoir through a pumping station.

•Silt and debris-free water is directed to either a wet or dry sump (without
screens or traps) from which it is pumped to the network (booster pumps) or to
another storage tank.

Figure 4.16: Wet and dry well (sump) pump installation

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 PUMPING STATIONS

•The well arrangement (Fig. 4.16a) is simple, economical and most widely
used. Pumps installed below water level (submersible) are preferable
(reduction is suction lift and no priming needed) but involve maintenance
problems.

•The dry well arrangement (Fig. 4.16b) is more reliable because of easy
access for pump maintenance at all times. The bell mouth entry to the pump
suction pipe suppresses flow separation and ensures uniform flow
throughout the intake cross section.

•The turned-down bell mouth (Fig. 4.16c) allows a lower sump water level
than a horizontal intake (Fig. 4.16b) and is less prone to vortex formation

10/31/2023 by:wondwesen 78
 PUMPING STATIONS
Groundwater pumping station (Abstraction from boreholes)

•The installations are normally of the wet well type with pumps
located within the wells. In deep wells special multistage
(submersible) pumps are used, whereas for shallow wells the pumps
may be located at ground level.

•Well screens are essential to prevent sand from entering into the
system. The deep well pumps are normally less bulky (around 100-
400 mm diameter) to fit into well diameters of 150- 600 mm.

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 5.5 PUMP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
4.5.1 OPERATION
a) Close the discharge valve and open the suction valve fully to ensure full supply
and priming.
b) Ensure that the discharge check valve is not leaking.
c) Ensure that the priming fluid has filled up the pump casing.
d) For the standby pumps, close the discharge valve and open the suction valve
fully.
e) Start the pump.
f) Now open the discharge valve on the operating pump fully.
g) All pumps should be operated in turn by rotation to avoid abnormal wear and
tear.
4.5.2 MAINTENANCE
a) Check regularly
i. Lubrication.
ii. For any over heating or pump gland, bearing or motor.
iii. Any leaks, and
iv. Loose mechanical parts, misalignment and unusual noise
b) If am defect is noticed. take corrective action immediately as prescribed in the
manufacturer’s
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instructional manual
 Exercise 1
Population of a city is 120000 and rate of water supply per head per day
is 200 liters. Calculate the BHP of motor to raise the water to an
overhead tank 50 m high. Length and diameter of the rising main is 200
m and 40 cm, respectively. Assume motor efficiency 90 % and the of the
pump 60 %. Take f = 0.01 and peak hourly demand as 1.5 times the
average demand.

10/31/2023 by:wondwesen 81
 Solution of example 1
 Average demand = 120,000 x 200
= 24 x 106 L/day
= 24000 m3/day (0.28 m3/sec)
 Peak hr demand = 1.5 x 0.28 m3/sec = 0.42 m3/sec
 Weight of liquid delivered by the pump
=1000 kg/m3 x 0.42 m3/sec = 420 kg/sec
 Total static head = 50 m

H = hs + hf = 50 + 2.85 = 52.85 m
η = 0.9 x 0.6 = 0.54

10/31/2023 by:wondwesen 82
 Exercise 2
The pump shown in the figure below has a head characteristics that can be
expressed by: H = 100 – 6000Q1.85
Where H = pump head in meters and Q = discharge in m3/s.
(a) Calculate the head and discharge of the pump.
(b) Check the potential for cavitation if the anticipated maximum vapor
pressure and minimum absolute barometric pressure are 0.40 m and 9.70 m,
respectively. NPSH required for the pump is 3.0 m. Neglect minor head
losses.

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 Solution of Example 2
First calculate the TDH
TDH = Hs + hld+ hls
Hs = 640 – 600 = 40 m

 After inserting D and L we get

TDH = 40 +8067.66 Q1.85
 Since the TDH and the head delivered by the pump has to be the same we
have:
100-6000 Q1.85 = 40 +8067.66 Q1.85
 Q = 0.0523 m3/sec and H = 74.45 m

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 Habs = 9.70 m, Hvap = 0.40 m and NSPH = 3.0 m
NPSH = Habs – (Hvap + hls + suction lift)
Suction lift = 603-600 =3 m

NSPH = 9.7 – (0.4 + 0.3824 + 3)

= 5.92 > 3  no cavitation

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Design of Rising Main
Design of Rising Main
• Rising main is the pipe through which the pumped water is sent
further to the next unit for treatment purpose.

• Water flows in this pipe under high pressure and flow is

turbulent.

• Here the friction loss in the pipe is more due to high velocity.

• Pressure pipes are designed such that overall cost of the project
should be lowest possible both from maintenance and
constructional point of view.

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Design of Rising Main

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Design of Rising Main
Economic diameter of rising main
• For pumping a particular fixed discharge of water, there are two options
• It can be pumped through bigger diameter pipe at low velocity
• Through lesser diameter pipe at high velocity
• If the dia of the pipe is increased, it will lead to higher cost of the pipe line on
the other hand if the pipe diameter is reduced the velocity would increase
which will lead to higher frictional head loss and will require more Horse Power
for pumping, thereby increasing the cost of pumping, also cost of fitting will
increase.
• For obtaining the optimum efficiency, it is necessary to design the diameter
of the pumping main which will be overall most economical in initial cost as
well as maintenance cost for pumping the required quantity of water. The
diameter which provide such optimum condition is known as “economic
diameter” of the pipe.

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Design of Rising Main

An empirical formula given by lee is commonly used for

determining the dia of the pumping or rising main
• D= 0.97 to 1.22 √Q
• Where,
• D= Economic dia of pipe in meters
• Q= Discharge to be pumped in cumecs

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Design of Rising Main

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Design of Rising Main

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Examples
Find out the head loss due to friction in a rising main
from the following data:
• Length of the rising main= 600 m
• Diameter of pipe= 0.2 m
• Discharge required to be pumped = 1200l/min
• Friction factors= 0.025

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solution

V= Q/A
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Examples 2
A city with 1,50,000 population to be supplied water at
100 lpcd from a river 1 km away. The difference in water
level of sump and reservoir is 30 m. If the demand has to be
supplied in 8 hr.,
determine the size of the main and B.H.P of the pumps
required.
• Take f- 0.0075, velocity in the pipe as 2.0 m/sec and
efficiency of pump as 75 %

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Solution
• Population of a city= 1,50,000
• Rate of water supply= 100 lpcd
• Therefore the average demand of the town= 1,50,000 x 100
• = 15 x 10 6 l/day
• Maximum daily demand= 1.5 x avg demand
• = 1.5 x 15 x 10 6
• = 22.5 x 10 6 l/day
• = 22.5 MLD

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SOLUTION

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SOLUTION

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Example 3
• From a clear water reservoir 3 m deep and maximum water
level at RL 35 m water is to be pumped to an elevated
reservoir at RL 80 m at the constant rate of 900,000 litres per
hour. The distance is 2000 m. Find the economic diameter of
the rising main and the water horse power of the pump.
Neglect minor losses and take f=0.01

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SOLOTION
Discharge = 900000L/h

• Maximum Suction Head = 3 m ( depth of reservoir)

• Maximum delivery head = (80- 35)= 45 m
• (Difference between maximum water level and height of
elevated reservoir)
• Suction + Delivery= 3 + 45 = 48 m

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solution

100
 Thank you!

10/31/2023 by:wondwesen 101