BIASING

Diodes,Transistors,Fets
Practical Perspective.
Prof K.Appa rao
BIASING
DIODES,TRANSISTORS,FETS
HOW practical perspective
 Semiconductor Diodes.
 Specs of diodes,
 Determine ckt, apparatus for forward bias.
 Reverse bias ckt and apparatus
 FUN WITH DIODES
BIASING
 ZENER DIODES, design supply,estimate
ripple
 TUNNEL DIODES
 FUN WITH ZENERS
 TRANSISTORS ..Biasing methods
 FUN WITH TRANSISTORS
 FETS ..How to bias,..difficulties.
DIODES

 FORWARD BIAS  REVERSE BIAS

 Specs: Vf @ If  Specs Ir @ Vr

Vb If Vb

 Apparatus: DC Power supply  Apparatus: DC Power supply

 Ammeter , Voltmeter, Diode,  Ammeter , Voltmeter, Diode,
 Resistor ,Bread board, Wires  Resistor ,Bread board, Wires
An Engineer specifies thus
 Dual/Single Dc Regulated Power supply 0-30v /
1 A ………..1 No.
 Moving coil DC milli ammeter 10 ma FSD….. 1
No.
 3 ½ digit Digital Multi-meter LCD type ..1No.
 Diode type 1N 4148……. 1 No.
 Carbon Film resistor 2.7 k ½ w 5 % …1 No..
 Bread board….1 No
 Single strand 1/20 insulated PVC wires…
How to determine R ? If = 10 ma
Vb volts R ohms Pd W&
dissipation tolerance
10 820 100 mw ¼&5%

20 1800 200 mw ¼ &5%

30 2700 300 mw ½ &5%

Reverse Bias Characteristic….
 A widely used circuit, Is it OK ?
V what does uA
read ?
V read by analog
ua meter,
by DMM
THINK. !!!
Correct Methods….
 Solution 1.

Ir
1 uF To CRO
0-30v 1 M ohm

 I r= Vosc/1 M, say 15 mv/1M =15 nA !!

Correct methods..
 Solution 2

DMM
0-30v 1 M ohm

 I r= Vdmm/1 M, say 15 mv/1M =15 nA !!

FUN WITH DIODES

Enjoy
QUIZ
PROBLEM 1.

1k

I
10 V Ge Si

 I = (a) 10 ma (b) 9.7 ma ( c ) 9.3 ma

PROBLEM No 2

1k

I
10 V Ge Si

I= (a) 9.3 ma (b) 0 ma ( C ) 9.7ma

PROBLEM No 3

- 10 V

1K

-5V

-
 I = (a) 15 ma (b) 5 ma ( c ) 0 ma
PROBLEM No 4
1K

Vo
+ 10 V

-5V

 Vo = (a) 0.7 v (b) – 5 v ( c ) - 4.3 V

PROBLEM No 5

1K
Vo
Ge
LED
20 V
 (a) –0.3V (b) -0.7 V ( c ) 1.8 V
Si
PROBLEM No 6

1K
Vo
Ge
LED
20 V Vo = ?
Si
FUN WITH LEDS &
RECTIFIERS

Enjoy
QUIZ
Use LEDs ,Glow on conduction

D2 D1
D2 D1

R1 R1
V1
V1
D3
D3
D4
D4

D1 and D3 conduct D4 and D2 conduct

Some interesting Applications

USING DIODES
Radio without power
Antenna
D1
Ear phone
L1

C1

C2
Battery Charger
12v D1 R1

230v TR1 12v

Lamp life protector

S initially open
closed afterwards

LAMP/
230v Soldering iron
Current direction indicators

D1 glows
D1 Current direction

D2 glows
D2
Current direction
Clip wave around zero

INPUT OUTPUT
ZENER DIODES

Analysis, Design
Zener diode
 Forward bias, acts  Reverse Bias, acts
like diode Like Zener

I = (Vb-O.7)/R R = (Vb-Vz)/Iz
R
I R

Iz
Vz

Vb Vb

Vz
Design of Zener diode supplies
Rs=2k
Vo = ?

12v Vz = 5v 1k
Vmin

(Vmin x Rl)/(Rl+Rs) = Vz, Vmin = (5(1+2)/1 = 15v

,
FUN WITH ZENERS

Enjoy
QUIZ
PROBLEM 1
1k
Vo = ?

20v 5v
Vo=
(a) 0 (b)
5v
(c) 0.7v
PROBLEM No 2
1k
Vo = ?

10v 5v Ge
Vo=
(a) 5v (b) 0
(c) 0.3v
PROBLEM No 3
1k
Vo = ?

Vo=
20v 5v Si (a) –0.7v
(b) 5
( c ) 0v
PROBLEM No 4
1k
Vo = ?
Vo=
(a) 5.6v
20v 5v (b) 5v
( c ) 20v
Si
PROBLEM No 5
 Clip Waves around zero

1k
Vo =?

20v p-p
sine wave 5v
PROBLEM No 6
R1
Vo= ?

5v
20v p-p
sine input
5v
BIASING Transistors

NPN transisor PNP Transistor

C C Ic
Ic Ib Realtions :
Ib Ie = Ib + Ic,
B Ie
B Ie Ic = Ib,
T1 T2
= ai/1-ai

E E

BE jn forward biase Rulesd, BC jn reverse biased

Biasing (Beta dependant)
Fixed Bias Feed back Bias
with Emitter stabilised with Emitter stabilised
feed back feed back
Vc Vc Vc Vc
Rb Rb Rc Rb
Rc Rb Rc Rc

T1 T2 T3 T4

Ic = Ib Ie = (+1)Ic Re Re

Voltage Feed Back

FIXED BIAS
FIXED BIAS
Voltage Divider Bias

R1 Rc
Vcc Vb = (Vccx R2)/(R1 + R2)
T1
Ve = Vb - Vbe
R2
Re
Ie = Ic = Ve/Re

Keep current thru R1 > 10 times Ib

Stability S = (1+B) ( 1+Rb/Re)/(1+B+ Rb/Re)

FUN WITH TRANSISORS

Enjoy
QUIZ
PROBLEM No 1
10v
100k 1k
Ib = (10-0.7)/100
93 uA Ib
Ic = 20x93 = 1860
hfe = 20
1.86 mA
Vc= 10-1.86 = 8.14 v
OK
PROBLEM No 2

100k 1k
Ib = ? Ib Hfe=
Hfe
Ic = ? 100
100
Ie = ? T1
PROBLEM No 3
10v
1k
Ic = ?

Vc = ?
1k
PROBLEM No 4
+20v

1k
2k
T2
-10v
Ve = ?
5k
PROBLEM No 5
10v
1k
1k
1 = 2 = 100
1k
T2

T1 Vc1= ?
Vc2 = ?
PROBLEM No 6
10 v
10k 1k
Vc = ?
T1
Ve = ?
2k 1k