Animal Tissue SL

STR UCTURA L ORGA
N ISATIONIN A N IMALS
{ANIMAL
TISSUE}
ORGANISMS
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR
(Single Celled Organism) (Many Celled Organism)
All functions like digestion, Basic functions are carried
respiration and reproduction are out by different groups of cells in
performed by a single cell a well organised manner
Eg: Eg:
• Amoeba Hydra: Made up of many cells
• Bacteria and number of cells in each
• Paramoecium type can be in
thousands
CELL Structural and Functional unit of life.
A group of similar cells along with intercellular

TISSUE substances perform a specific function. Such an
organisation is called tissue.
ORGAN When tissues are organized in specific proportion

and pattern then it is called organ.
ORGAN When two or more organs perform a common function

SYSTEM by their Physical and/or Chemical interaction
they together form Organ System.
BODY/ All organ systems combines to form body of animal.

ORGANISM
CELL TISSUE
DIVISION OF LABOUR
ORGAN
HOW CELLS WORK TOGETHER
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CELLS VARY ACCORDING TO THEIR
FUNCTION
Therefore, the tissues are different and are broadly classified into FOUR
types
ANIMAL TISSUES
EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NERVOUS

ANIMAL TISSUES
TISSUE FUNCTION ORIGIN
EPITHELIAL Lining ,Covering Ectoderm
and Protection Mesoderm
Endoderm
CONNECTIVE Connection and Support
Mesoderm
MUSCUL to
body
AR Helps in contraction and
Mesoderm relaxation which results
NERVOUSinto movement and
locomotion.
To generate and conduct
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
 IN A TISSUE CELLS MAY BE DISSIMILAR IN STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION BUT THEY ARE SIMILAR IN ORIGIN
 WORD ANIMAL TISSUE WAS COINED BY – BICHAT
 WORD PLANT TISSUE WAS COINED BY – GREW
 STUDY OF TISSUE – HISTOLOGY (FATHER – BICHAT)
 DETAIL STUDY OF TISSUE IS CALLED MICROSCOPIC

ANATOMY
(FOUNDER – MARCELLO MALPIGHI)
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
The cells are compactly packed with little
intercellular matrix
Blood vessels and lymph vessels unable

to pierce
Blood circulation is absent
Get their nutrition from underlying
connective tissue
It mean it will always grow on connective

Epi-upon Thelia –growth tissue so name Epithelium
Epithelial Tissue
BASEMENT BASAL LAMINA
• GLYCOPROTEIN
MEMBRANE • SECRETED BY
• THIN EPITHELIAL CELL
• NON LIVING
• NON CELLULAR
• SELECTIVE FIBROUS LAMINA
PERMEABLE • MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE
(HYALURONIC ACID)
KEY POINTS WITH FIBRES
• SECRETED BY
• Basement membrane is secreted by both
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Epithelium and Connective Tissue
• During embryonic development Epithelium originate
first
• Power of regeneration is present in this tissue
• Epithelial tissue faces either a body fluid or outside environment and
thus provide a covering or a lining
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
To provide both Structural and Functional

link between its individual cell epithelial cells
modify to form following structures:-
Four types of junctions

1. Tight junctions
2. Gap junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Interdigitations
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
(1) Tight Junctions
 Stop substances from leaking across a
tissue.
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
(2) Gap Junctions
 Facilitate the cells to communicate with each
other
 Rapid transfer of ions , small molecules and
sometimes big molecules
GAP JUNCTIONS
(3)Adhering Junctions
 Performing cementing to keep neighbouring cells together
 Mostly found in stratified epithelium
 Provide mechanical support to stratified epithelium
 Also called as Macula Adherens
 Contain intermediate fibres known as Tonofibrils
TONOFIBRIL
(4) INTERDIGITATION
 Finger like processes of plasma membrane
which enter into cytoplasm of adjacent
cell.
 Mainly found in Transitional Epithelium
PLASMA MEMBRANE OF FREE END MODIFIED IN THREE OF FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
MICROVILLI CILIA/KINOCILIA STERIOCILIA
1 MINUTE PROCESS LONG CYLINDRICAL PROCESS (SAME CONICAL SHAPE
DIAMETER FROM BASE TO APEX)
2 NON MOTILE MOTILE NON MOTILE

3 NON CONTRACTILE CONTRACTILE NON CONTRACTILE
4 FUNCTIONS:- FUNCTIONS:- FUNCTIONS:-
INCREASE SURFACE AREA MOVEMENT AND LOCOMOTION INCREASE SURFACE
FOR ABSORPTION AND MOVEMENT IS IN UNIFORM AREA
SECRETION DIRCETION
5 EXAMPLES:- EXAMPLES:- EXAMPLES:-

• WALL OF INTESTINE • INNER SURFACE OF • EPIDIDYMIS
• PCT OF NEPHRON HOLLOW ORGANS LIKE • VAS DEFERENS
• GALL BLADDER BRONCHIOLES AND • MACULA AND CRISTA
FALLOPIAN TUBE. OF INNER EAR
• UTERUS
• TRACHEA
• EPENDYMAL
EPITHELIUM
BEGINNE R’ S BOX - 1
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM TISSUE
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM TISSUE
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM COMPOUND EPITHELIUM (STRATIFIED)
 Composed of a single layer  Consists of two or more cell

of cells. layers
 Functions as lining for body  Protective function as it
cavities, ducts, and tubes does
ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE/STRUCTURAL in our skin
MODIFICATIONS OF CELLS
NON STRETCHABLE STRETCHABLE
 Stratified squamous  Transitiona
Simple Simple Simple  Stratified cuboidal l
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar  Stratified columnar epithelium
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM TISSUE
A SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Single layer of flat, scale like cells with irregular
 boundaries
Pavement epithelium - due to tile like
 Tesselated -appearance
due to its wavy
epithelium appearance
 Function – Filtration
Diffusion
Covering
Examples
1 Bowman’s capsule 2 Alveoli of lungs ( pneumocytes-1 )
( podocyte ) (air sacs of lungs)
PODOCYTE PNEUMOCYTES-1
3 Endothelium 4 Outer surface of intestine
5 Thin part of loop of henle
Thin part of loop of henle

6 Mesothelium-lining of coelom
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM TISSUE
B SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

 Cells are cube like in shape
 Functions: Absorption , secretion & excretion
 Also called germinal epithelium
Examples
1 Glands – most of the glands of our body is made of cuboidal epithelium
like vesicles of thyroid gland , acini of pancreas , sweat gland
2 Middle and Inner layer of eye 3 Germinal epithelium:
In gonads cuboidal cells
Divide to form egg & sperms
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM TISSUE
4. Tubular part of nephrons –
it includes proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) , loop of henle , distal
convoluted tubules ( DCT)and collecting duct
Brush bordered cuboidal Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
epithelium Eg: PCT Eg: collecting duct
in PCT maximum reabsorption

take place because of
presence of microvilli
Collecting duct
( movement due to
cilia )
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM TISSUE
C SIMPLE COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
Cells are pillar like in shape. (Tall and slender).
Elongated nucleus is present at the base of
cell. Function:
It help
TRICK- GIT ( GASTRO INTESTINAL in absorption
TRACT) and secretion
•ABSORPTION - MICROVILLI
(BRUSH BORDERED)
STOMACH
•MOVEMENT - CILIA
SMALL LARGE
(CILIATED
)
•SECRETION - GLAND
(GLANDULAR)
1. STOMACH 2. SMALL INTESTINE 3. LARGE INTESTINE
secretion Secretion
&
SECRETION
absorption Glandular
GLANDULAR Glandular Columnar
COLUMNAR Brushbordered Epithelium
EPITHELIUM Columnar
Epithelium
4. GALL BLADDER
Absorption of (extra GALL

amount of Water from BLADDER
bile so concentration of
bile)
Brushbordered
columnar epithelium
5. STERIO
CILIATED
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
EG: EPIDIDYMIS , VAS DEFERENS
6. CILIATED COLUMNAR
FALLOPIAN TUBE
EPITHELIUM EPENDYMAL EPITHELIUM
OF BRAIN VENTRICLES
Fallopian tube Cilia
Ependymal
Epithelium
6. CILIATED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
BRONCHIOLES
Gall bladdar stomach & large

intestine
Small Epididymis &

Intestine Fallopian tube & Ependymal vasa
epithelium of brain deferens
ventricles
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
• These cells are pillar like in shape so it is also a modification of columnar epithelium.
• In this epithelium 2 types of cells are present i.e. Long cell and short cell.
• Nucleus in both cells are present on different level so it appears bilayered.
• All cells are present on single basement membrane so it is unilayered.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Glandular Epithelium

{ PSCCGE }
Example-
1. Trachea
2. Bronchi
3. Respiratory epithelium of nasal chambers
COMPOUND EPITHELIUM/STRATIFIED
EPITHELIUM
 Multilayered ( more than one layer )
 Limited role in secretion and absorption
 Protection against chemical and mechanical stress
On the basis of stretching ability (2

types)
Transitiona Stratified
l Epithelium
(stretchable) (non stretchable)
Epithelium
Stratified Stratified Stratified

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Multilayered : 4-6 layers of cells are present
 Innermost layer of cell is composed of cube
like cell
 Middle 2-4 layers are composed of pear shape
or umbrella shaped cells/ polyhedral cells
 Outermost 1-2 layers are composed of oval
shaped cells
 In resting conditions a thin basement membrane is
present but on stretching basement membrane
almost get disappeared
 These different shape of cells appears only in
resting stage.
When this tissue is stretched , all the cells become
flattened
 Cells are connected by interdigitation
ON CELLS BECOME
FLATTENED
STRETCHING
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
ALMOST GET DISAPPEARED
Examples:
 Renal pelvis
 Ureter
 Urinary bladder
 Proximal part of male urethra
Note:
Mainly present in urinary system so
called
Urothelium
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
{NON STRECHABLE}
Stratified Squamous Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar
 Innermost layer cuboidal / columnar

 Germinativum layer
 High mitotic index
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Innermost layer - cuboidal

cell - polygonal shape
 Middle layer cells are connected with desmosomes
{provide rigidity or mechanical support}
 Outermost layer - flat like scale
cell
On the basis of presence of kertain protein in the outer most

cell
Keratinized stratified Non keratinized

Squamous epithelium stratified Squamous
epithelium
(A) KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Examples
 Exoskeleton
(Epidermis of skin,scale,horns,nails,feathers)
FEATHER HAIR NAIL
HORN HOOVES BEAK

(B) NON KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
EXAMPLES
 Buccal cavity or oral cavity of mammals
 Inner lining of cheeks, lips, hard palate
 Tonsils, pharynx, oesophagus
 Anal canal, lining of vagina
 Cornea of eye
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
 Innermost layer - cuboidal cell

 Middle layer - polygonal shape
 Outermost layer - cube like cell
 Cells are nucleated and living.
Examples:
• Secretory duct of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands and
sebaceous glands
• Pancreatic duct
• Female urethra
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
 Innermost layer - cuboidal cell

 Middle layer - polygonal shape
 Outermost layer - column like cell
On the basis of presence of cilia
Ciliated stratified Non ciliated stratified

Columnar epithelium Columnar epithelium
Eg : Eg :
 Buccopharyngeal  Epiglottis
Cavity of frog  Distal part
 Larynx of male urethra.
GLANDS
 A cell or group of cells which secretes chemical substances are called

Glands.
 All Glands are composed of Epithelium Tissue.
 Some columnar or cuboidal cells get specialized for secretion known as

Glandular Epithelium.
 Glands can be originate from all the three germinal

layers. ECTODERM – Sweat gland
MESODERM – Gonads
ENDODERM – Thyroid gland
CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDS
(A) ON THE BASIS OF METHOD OF THE SECRETION
ENDOCRINE GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS

 Secretory duct- Absent  Secretory duct- Present
 Their product called hormones
 Secretes Mucus, Saliva,
It is secreted directly into
Earwax, Oil, milk, Enzyme and
the fluid bathing the Gland.
other cell products.
Eg:- Thyroid, Pituitary,
Thymus
Pineal, Parathyroid,
NOTE: Adrenal
HETEROCRINE / MIXED GLAND : Both endocrine and exocrine parts
are present Eg : Pancreas , Gonads
CLASSIFICATION OF GLANDS
(B) ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF CELLS
UNICELLULAR GLANDS MULTICELLULAR GLANDS

Eg: Eg:
Goblet cells
Paneth cells All glands except goblet
cells and paneth cells.
BRAIN TREASURE
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 It is most abundant and widely distributed in the body.
 For linking and supporting so named as Connective Tissue.
 O.Hartwig called them Mesenchyme because they originated
from
embryonic mesoderm.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CELL MATRIX FIBRE
 In all Connective Tissues except blood & lymph , the cells secretes fibres of
structural proteins called Collagen or Elastin or Reticulin.
 These cells also secrete modified polysaccharide or mucopolysaccharides like
hyaluronic acid, which accumulate between cells and fibres and acts as matrix (ground
substance).
CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE DENSE CONNECTIVE SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE

TISSUE TISSUE TISSUE
(MORE MATRIX, (MORE FIBRE, LESS MATRIX)
LESS FIBRE) DENSE REGULAR TISSUE
AREOLAR TISSUE DENSE IRREGULAR TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
SKELETAL CONNECTIVE FLUID CONNECTIVE
TISSUE TISSUE
(MATRIX SOLID ( MATRIX LIQUID
AND AND FIBRE FREE)
MINERALISED) Eg. BLOOD &
Eg. CARTILAGE LYMPH
AND BONE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CELL MATRIX FIBRE
CELLS
MATRIX
FIBRES
CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 MESENCHYME CELL
• Small sized pleuripotent cells (Undifferentiated)
of Connective Tissue Proper.
• Pleuripotent cells here means those cells
that have capacity to self-renew by dividing
and to develop into any cell of Connective Tissue
in early embryo stage.
 FIBROBLAST CELL
• Primary function is to produce protein fibres.
• Secrete matrix of Connective Tissue (Chief matrix producing cell).
• Maximum in number.
• Largest cells of connective tissue proper.
• Irregular in shape due to long cytoplasmic processes.
• Cytoplasm is rich in rough ER (producing protein fibres)
 MACROPHAGES
•Amoeboid cells, Kidney Shaped Nucleus

• Cytoplasm is agranular but appears to be granular due to
more number of lysosomes
• Phagocytic in nature
• Destroy microbes by phagocytosis
• Also called scavengers of connective tissue because they destroy
dead or damaged cells to clean connective tissue
• Also called histeocytes
• 2nd largest in size
• 2nd maximum in number
 LYMPHOCYTES
• Centrally located large nucleus and cytoplasm in peripheral
Divide
To • Key cells of immune system and involved in production of antibodies
form
 PLASMA CELLS
• Small amoeboid cells
• In these cells rounded nucleus is present in which chromatin material is
arranged like spokes (radial rows) in wheels so they are called as cart wheel cells
• Also called clones of lymphocytes as these are formed by division of
lymphocytes
• Produce and transport antibodies
Divide to form
 MONOLOCULAR - ADIPOCYTES
NUCLEUS
• Single large, central fat globule is present
• Cytoplasm and nucleus becomes peripheral
FAT BODY
• Form White fat
NUCLEUS
 MULTILOCULAR - ADIPOCYTES
• Many, small, fat granules distributed FAT BODY

in cytoplasm around nucleus
• Cytoplasm is more
• Form Brown fat
 MAST CELLS
•Small and amoeboid cells with S-shaped nucleus.

• Secrete histamine, serotonin (5-ht) , heparin.
•Secrete small amount of matrix in connective tissue.
Histamine - amino acid derivative, vasodilator
Serotonin - amino acid derivative, vasoconstrictor
5-ht is 5- hydroxy tryptamine
Heparin - mucoploysaccharide, natural
anticoagulant
FIBRES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
COLLAGEN Made up of collagen protein
FIBRE (Most abundant protein in animal kingdom)
 Wavy, inelastic, tough fibres arranged
(WHITE-FIBRES) in bundles (fascia)
 On boiling they yield gelatin
ELASTIN  Composed of elastin proteins
FIBRE  Branched but arranged singly
 Maximum elasticity is present
(YELLOW-FIBRES)
 Highly resistant to chemicals
RETICULAR  Composed of reticulin protein
FIBRE Highly branched fibres which always
form dense network
 Delicate fibres, elasticity absent
Mainly found in lymphoid organs such as
spleen, lymph nodes, etc
• Composed of elastin proteins • 2"" largest in size
• Branched but arranged singly • 2"" maximum in number
• Maximum elasticity is present • Amoeboid cells, kidney shaped nuclues FIBROBLAST
• H ighly resistant to chemicals • Cytoplasm is agranular but appears to be granular due • Largest cells of connect ive tissue proper
(YELLOW-FIBRES) to more number of lysosomes • Maximum in number
• Phagocytic in nature • Irregular in shape due to long cytoplasmic processes
ELASTIC FIBRES • Destroy bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis • Cytoplasm is rich in rough ER
• Also called scavengers of connective tissue because • Primary function is to produce protein fibres
they destroy dead or damaged cells to clean • Secrete matrix of connective tissue (Chief matrix
connective tissues producing cells)
• Also called histeocytes
MESENCHYME-CELL
• Small sized pleuripotent
I M_A_CR_ O- I COLLAGEN FIBRES! (WHITE-FIBRES)
cells of connective tissue proper P_ H_A_G_E S I • Made up of collagen protein (most abundant
protein in animal kingdom)
MONOLOCULAR-ADIPOCYTE • Wavy, inelastic, tough fibres arranged in
the form of bundles (fascia)
• Single large, central fat globule is present • On boiling they yield gelatin
• Cytoplasm and nucleus becomes peripheral
• Form white fat
MULTILOCULAR-ADIPOCYTE - - + {: 1
l RETICULAR FIBRES!
1 --
• Also called arzyrophil fibres as they can be
• Many, small, fat granules distributed in
stained w ith silver salts
cytoplasm around nucleus • Composed of reticulin protein
• Cytoplasm is more • Highly branched fibres which always form
• Form Brown fat
dense network
• Delicate fibres
• Centrally located large nucleus and • Elasticity is completely absent
cytoplasm is peripheral • Main ly found in lymphoid organs such as
• Key cells of immune system and involved spleen, lymph nodes etc.
in production of antibodies div ide
to form
• Small amoeboid cells

PLASMA CELLS
IMAST CELLS I
• Small and amoeboid cells with S-shaped nucleus
• In these cells rounded nucleus is present in which
• Secrete-histamine, serotonin, heparin and matrix
chromatin material is arranged like spokes (radial
of connective tissue proper
rows) in wheel so they are also called as cart
wheel cells
• Also called clones of lymphocytes as these are
formed by division of lymphocytes
• Produce and transport antibodies
BEGINNER’S BOX - 5
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE DENSE CONNECTIVE SPECIALISED

TISSUE TISSUE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 More matrix and less fibres.
 The cells and fibres are loosely arranged in a semi fluid ground substance.
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
AREOLAR TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Also known as Spongy Connective Tissue.
 It is most widely distributed tissue in the body.
 In this tissue maximum intercellular space and matrix is present.
 Due to irregular arrangement of bundle of collagen fibres many gaps are
present. These gaps are called areolae.
 In areolae other component of connective tissue like fibres, cells &
matrix are
distributed.
 Few elastic fibres are present.
 It contain fibroblast cells, macrophages and mast cells.
 Fibroblast cells, macrophages and mast cell are more in number.
 Function: it serve as a support framework for epithelium.
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
EXAMPLES OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Tela Subcutanea :- A thin continuous layer which
(Panniculus Carnosus) connect skin with underlying skeletal
muscles
Tela
Subcutanea
2. Submucosa of trachea, bronchi, intestine, oesophagus,
stomach
3. Endomysium and Perimysium of muscle fibre
Perimysium
Endomysium
4. ENDONEURIUM - AROUND SINGLE NERVE FIBRE
ENDONEURIUM
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Adipose tissue is another type of loose connective tissue located mainly beneath
the skin.
 It contain adipocytes / fat cells abundantly.
 The cells of this tissue are specialized to store fats the excess of nutrients which
are not used immediately are converted into fats and are stored in this tissue.
On the basis of adipocytes 2 types of fats are found in animals
WHITE FAT BROWN FAT

Monolocular adipocytes Multilocular adipocytes
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Mitochondria Mitochondria
Energy Energy
EXAMPLES OF ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 WHITE FAT
1. PANNICULAS ADIPOSUS:- A thin continuous layer of white fat under the dermis of
skin which is also called hypodermis of skin.
2. Lining of delicate organs like eyeball kidney as a shock absorber
3. YELLOW BONE MARROW 4.BLUBBER OF WHALE
5. HUMP OF CAMEL 6. FAT BODIES OF

FROG
BROWN FAT
1. Cold resistance in new born baby is due to presence of
brown fat.
2. HIBERNATING RODENTS LIKE RAT,

SHREW.
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 More fibres and less matrix.
 Fibres and fibroblast cells are compactly packed in dense connective tissue .
ON THE BASIS OF ORIENTATION OF FIBRES
DENSE REGULAR DENSE IRREGULAR

TISSUE TISSUE
(CORD) (SHEATH)
CLASSIFICATION OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ON THE BASIS OF TYPES OF
FIBRES
WHITE FIBROUS YELLOW FIBROUS

CONNECTIVE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE TISSUE
WHITE FIBRE - MORE IN QUANTITY WHITE FIBRE - LESS IN QUANTITY
YELLOW FIBRE - ABSENT YELLOW FIBRE - MORE IN QUANTITY
RETICULAR FIBRE - ABSENT RETICULAR FIBRE - ABSENT
CORD SHEAT CORD SHEAT

H H
WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CORD –Many parallel bundles of collagen fibres
and rows of fibroblasts in matrix are present
alternately (Regular pattern)
EG:
• TENDON : CONNECT MUSCLE TO BONE
SHEATH – In this form there is no regular pattern
of fibres and fibroblasts in matrix. Cells and fibres
are arranged in criss-cross manner.
EG:
• OUTERMOST COVERING OF MAJOR ORGANS
1. PERICARDIUM 2. PERIOSTIUM
3. PERICHONDRIUM 4. EPIMYSIUM
PERICHONDRIUM
EPIMYSIUM
5. RENAL CAPSULE 6. TUNICA ALBUGENIA
RENAL
CAPSULE
7. 8. CORNEA OF EYE
DURAMATER
9. GLISSON’S CAPSULE
YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CORD –In this form bundles of collagen fibres
and fibroblasts in matrix distributed in regular
pattern
& in matrix yellow fibres form network.
EG:
• LIGAMENT : CONNECT BONE TO BONE
TENDON
LIGAMENT
SHEATH – Irregular distributions of fibres
and matrix with elastic fibre.
Eg:
1. WALL OF 2. WALL OF SMALL
ALVEOLI OF BRONCHIOLES
LUNGS
WALL
WALL OF ALVEOLI OF
OF LUNGS SM
ALL
BRON
CHI
OLE
S
3. WALL OF LYMPH VESSELS & BLOOD
VESSELS
4. TRUE VOCAL CORDS

RETICULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 It is also called Lymphoid Tissue.
 It is mostly found in lymphoid organs.
 Matrix of this tissue is like lymph.
 Reticular fibres are more in amount and form dense
network around reticular cells (Macrophages).
 Lymphocytes are also more in number.
 Provide support and strength and form the
stroma (frame work) of soft organs.
EG:
1. SPLEEN
2. LYMPH NODES (TONSILS, PAYER’S
PATCHES)
3. ENDOSTEUM: The wall of bone marrow cavity
is
lined by a membrane called the endosteum.
SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
SKELETON VASCULAR CONNECTIVE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE TISSUE
CARTILAGE BLOOD
BONE LYMPH
SKELETON CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Matrix is dense and mineralised. Due to deposition of minerals
it becomes hard.
 Also known as supporting tissue i.e. Provide support to the
body.
CARTILAGE
 Outermost covering of cartilage is called perichondrium which
composed of white fibrous connective tissue.
 Cartilage producing cells are arranged on periphery of cartilage

known as chondroblast.
CARTILAGE
 These are active cells & divide to form chondrocyte and
synthesize the matrix of cartilage.
 Matrix is solid, pliable and can resist compression.
 Chondrocytes are enclosed in small cavities (lacunae) with

in the matrix secreted by them.
 1 - 4 chondrocytes are found in one lacunae.
CARTILAGE
 Chondroclast are cartilage destroying cells.
 Matrix of cartilage is called chondrin composed of chondrotin-6-
sulphate and mucopolysacchride (hyaluronic acid).
 Matrix of cartilage provides rigidity & elasticity to cartilage.
 Blood supply is absent in the matrix of cartilage but present in
perichondrium.
CARTILAGE
HYALINE ELASTIC WHITE CALCIFIED

CARTILAGE CARTILAGE FIBROUS CARTILAGE
CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
A) HYALINE CARTILAGE
 It is most common cartilage of human body.
 Most of the part of embryonic skeleton is composed of
this cartilage so maximum bones of our body are
cartilagenous bones because they are developed from cartilage.
 Matrix of cartilage is glass like clear because fibres
are
completely absent.
 Colour of matrix is bluish & its translucent (less transparent).
HYALINE
CARTILAGE EG:
1. NASAL SEPTUM
2. C SHAPE RING OF TRACHEA AND BRONCHI
3. STERNAL PART OF RIBS (COASTAL
CARTILAGE)
4. LARYNGEAL CARTILAGE
NASAL
SEPTUM
LARYNGEAL
CARTILAGE C SHAPE RING OF
TRACHEA AND BRONCHI
COASTAL
CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
5. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE : AT THE END OF LONG BONE PERIOSTEUM IS
ABSENT AND HYALINE CARTILAGE IS
PRESENT.
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 In the matrix of this cartilage yellow fibres form network so is highly
flexible cartilage of our body.
EG:
1. TIP OF NOSE
2. EAR PINNA
3. EUSTACHIAN TUBE
4. EPIGLOTTIS
5. CARTILAGE OF SANTORINI OF LARYNX
EAR PINNA
TIP OF NOSE
EPIGLOTTIS
CARTILAGE OF
SANTORINI OF
LARYNX
WHITE FIBROUS CARTILAGE
• Perichondrium is absent
because complete wfct is
converted into cartilage.
• In matrix bundle of collagen fibres
are more in quantity so it is
strongest cartilage.
EG:
1. PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
2. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
1. PUBIC SYMPHYSIS-
Connect both the pelvic halves with each other.
2. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC-
A pad of cushion like structure which absorb mechanical
shock & jerks and protect vertebral column. Central part
of intervertebral disc is soft called nucleus pulposus.
CALCIFIED CARTILAGE
• It is modified hyaline cartilage but due to deposition
of calcium salts its matrix becomes hard like bones
(hardest cartilage) .
• Calcium salt deposits in the form of hydroxy apatite.
Eg:
1. Pubis of frog pelvic girdle.
2. Head of femur and humerus.
BONE
 Study of bone is called Osteology.
 Process of bone formation is called ossification.
 Outermost covering of bone is periosteum composed of WFCT.
Bone
Cell Matrix Fibre

BONE
 Cell
Osteoblast :- bone producing cell.
Divide
Osteocytes :- 1. Mature cell of bone which is found in lacunae.

2. Only one osteocyte is found in one lacunae.
3. Synthesize organic part of matrix.
Osteoclast :- bone destroying cells
BONE
 Matrix
Inorganic Organic
part part
(65-68%) (32-35%)
Calcium phosphate – 80% max Ossein in which bundle of
collagen fibres suspended
Calcium carbonate – 10% in sulphated
mucopolysaccharide.
Magnesium phosphate- 10%
Flourides ( very less )
 Bones have a hard and non – pliable ground substances rich in
calcium salts and collagen fibres which give bone its strength.
BONE
 Features of bones
1. It is highly vascular.
2. It is mineralised.
3. It is hard and rigid.
4. It has canalicular systems.
5. It has regenerating
capacity.
BONE
 Functions of bones
1. It is the main tissue that provide structural framework
to the body.
2. Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs.
3. Limb bones, such as long bones of the legs, serve weight
bearing functions.
4. They also interact with skeletal muscles attached
to them, to bring about movements.
5. The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production
of blood cells.
BONE
 External structure of bone Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Three regions
1. Epiphysis
 End of long bones.
Diaphysis
2. Diaphysis
 Middle part or shaft of long bone.
3. Metaphysis
 It is small part between epiphysis and
diaphysis
BONE
1. Epiphysis
 Composed of spongy tissue.
 Cavity is present in the form of trabeculae
Filled with red bone marrow which is the
site of production of RBC.
2. Diaphysis
Hollow cavity present – bone marrow cavity
filled with yellow bone marrow composed
Of white fat and matrix contain haversian
systems.
3. Metaphysis
 In this region epiphyseal plate is present which
is responsible for elongation of bone.
 After complete development of long bone this
plate is destroyed.
BONE
 Internal structure of mammalian bone
It has following major structures.
1. Periosteum 2. 3. Endosteum 4. Bone marrow cavity
Matrix
1.ItPeriosteum
consist of two layers .
 Outer layer consist of WFCT in which blood circulation is present.
 Inner layer consists of single layer of oesteoblast cells
which divide to form oesteocyte and secrete layer of matrix
BONE
2. Matrix
In the matrix of bone, two types of canals are
present. A} Haversian canal
 Longitudinal canals which are arranged parallel to long
axis of bone.
 In these canals one or two blood capillaries and nerve
fibres are present.
B} Volkm ann’s canal
 These are transverse/horizontal or oblique canals.
 Haversian canals are interconnected by Volkmann’s
canal.
BONE
 Matrix of bone is deposited in the form of layer. These layer of matrix
are called Lamellae.
 On the basis of arrangement three types of lamellae are present in the matrix.
1. Haversian lamellae
Concentric layer of matrix which are present around haversian canal.
2. Interstitial lamellae
These layers of matrix are present in the space between two haversian system.
3. Circumferential lamellae
Peripheral layer of matrix just below the periosteum and around the bone
marrow cavity.
BONE
BONE
 Between these lamellae layer of osteocyte cells are also
present.
 Osteocyte are present in the lacunae. Each osteocyte is inter
connected with adjacent osteocyte by their cytoplasmic
process.
 Cytoplasmic process of osteocyte are present in the minute
canals
of lacunae called as canaliculi.
 In each lacunae only one osteocyte cell is present.
BONE
 In matrix of compact mammalian bone, haversian system

or osteon is present
 Haversian canal, haversian lamellae & osteocytes
form haversian system
BONE
BONE
3. Endosteum
 Endosteum consist of two layers.
Towards bone marrow cavity layer lined with reticular
fibrous connective tissue.
 Towards matrix of bone endostium lined with layer
of osteoblast
cell. They divide to-form osteocyte & synthesize
bidircetional
Growth
matrix.of bone
- unidircetional
Growth of cartilage
4. Bone marrow cavity
 In the central region hollow cavity is present which
is filled with yellow bone marrow.
TYPES OF BONE
Cartilagenous bones/ Membranous bone/ Sesamoid Visceral bones/
Dermal bones/ Heterotypic
Replacing/ Investing bones Bone Bone
Endochondral bone
These bone are If ossification
These bones are formed by the These bone are takes place in
formed by ossification ossification in the devloped by the visceral
of cartilage connective tissue of the ossification organs then
dermis of the tendons visceral bones
are formed.
In the formation of at the joints In humans
these bones
these 2 types of Eg: are absent
cells are required Patella (knee cap)
1 chondroclast cell largest
2 osteoblast Sesamoid bone
BRAIN TREASURE

Animal Tissue SL

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STR UCTURA L ORGA

A group of similar cells along with intercellular

ORGAN When tissues are organized in specific proportion

ORGAN When two or more organs perform a common function

BODY/ All organ systems combines to form body of animal.

EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NERVOUS

 WORD ANIMAL TISSUE WAS COINED BY – BICHAT

 WORD PLANT TISSUE WAS COINED BY – GREW

 STUDY OF TISSUE – HISTOLOGY (FATHER – BICHAT)

 DETAIL STUDY OF TISSUE IS CALLED MICROSCOPIC

Blood vessels and lymph vessels unable

It mean it will always grow on connective

To provide both Structural and Functional

Four types of junctions

2 NON MOTILE MOTILE NON MOTILE

5 EXAMPLES:- EXAMPLES:- EXAMPLES:-

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM COMPOUND EPITHELIUM (STRATIFIED)

 Composed of a single layer  Consists of two or more cell

3 Endothelium 4 Outer surface of intestine

5 Thin part of loop of henle

Thin part of loop of henle

B SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

in PCT maximum reabsorption

Absorption of (extra GALL

Gall bladdar stomach & large

Small Epididymis &

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Glandular Epithelium

On the basis of stretching ability (2

Stratified Stratified Stratified

Stratified Squamous Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar

 Innermost layer cuboidal / columnar

 Innermost layer - cuboidal

On the basis of presence of kertain protein in the outer most

Keratinized stratified Non keratinized

(A) KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

FEATHER HAIR NAIL

HORN HOOVES BEAK

 Innermost layer - cuboidal cell

 Innermost layer - cuboidal cell

On the basis of presence of cilia

Ciliated stratified Non ciliated stratified

 A cell or group of cells which secretes chemical substances are called

 All Glands are composed of Epithelium Tissue.

 Some columnar or cuboidal cells get specialized for secretion known as

 Glands can be originate from all the three germinal

(A) ON THE BASIS OF METHOD OF THE SECRETION

ENDOCRINE GLANDS EXOCRINE GLANDS

UNICELLULAR GLANDS MULTICELLULAR GLANDS

CELL MATRIX FIBRE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE DENSE CONNECTIVE SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE

CELL MATRIX FIBRE

•Amoeboid cells, Kidney Shaped Nucleus

• Many, small, fat granules distributed FAT BODY

•Small and amoeboid cells with S-shaped nucleus.

• Small amoeboid cells

LOOSE CONNECTIVE DENSE CONNECTIVE SPECIALISED

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

AREOLAR TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE

WHITE FAT BROWN FAT

5. HUMP OF CAMEL 6. FAT BODIES OF

2. HIBERNATING RODENTS LIKE RAT,

ON THE BASIS OF ORIENTATION OF FIBRES