TOWARDS A GLOBAL

HISTORY

A WORLD CONNECTED

Paragraph structure: claims, evidence, analysis

KHAS 103 Week 5 Quartile 2
AGENDA
• Reading:
Ross, E. (2018, January 6). Mapping the Mercantilist World Economy. Eric Ross, academic.
https://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2015/10/18/mapping-the-mercantilist-world-economy/
https://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2015/10/18/mapping-the-mercantilist-world-economy/
• Paragraphing CEA
• Quiz 3
TA S K 1 K E Y W O R D S A N D C O M P R E H E N S I O N Q U E S T I O N S

Match the words (a-h) to their meanings (1-8)

A- Mercantile 1. The satisfaction of a greater proportion of a

B- Commodity country's total demand for goods (production plus
C- Manufactured imports) through its own domestic production
D- Chartered 2. Of or relating to merchants, trade, or commerce
E- Stockholder 3. Having a special privilege, immunity, or exemption
F- Import substitution 4. A raw material or primary agricultural product that
G- Core can be bought and sold
H-Periphery 5. The outer edge, the less important part
6. Production
7. An owner of a share in a business
8. The central and most important part of something
ANSWERS
a–2
b–4
c–6
d–3
e–7
f–1
g-8
h-5
Use the words from the list to complete the gaps (1-8) in
sentences from your reading text.

chartered stockholders import substitution commodities

manufacturers mercantilist core peripheries

It (the map of World Trade Routes of 1340) highlights the “(1)________” status of China, India and the
Middle East within the world economy. Semi-(2)____________ at this time included North Africa, parts of
western Europe (Italy, Flanders), and Java.
Among (3) ___________, I have included sugar, being the refined crystal shipped in loaves. Among
commodities, I have included slaves. As laborers (domestic, agricultural, sexual, military), the enslaved are
clearly “labor,” but when they are being transported, usually in bulk, weighed in markets, and their price
negotiated over, then they are just as clearly a “(4) ___________.”
The new type of merchant network in Atlantic Europe was the (5)________company, a company of private
(6) ___________ chartered by the crown to exercise a monopoly of trade over some loosely-defined region
of the world, such as: “the East Indies,” “Guinea,” “Hudson’s Bay,” “Mississippi,” or “the South Seas.”
The French had greater success institutionalizing another (7) __________policy, (8) _____________. It was
one of Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s main policies while minister of finance (1665-83) for Louis XIV. Royally-
endowed glass works were established in Saint-Gobain (1665) to compete with glassware from Venice, the
import of which was then forbidden. Tapestry works were established at Gobelin. The import of silks was
banned to protect the silk manufacturers of Lyon and, later, ceramic works were established in Limoges
(1771).
ANSWERS
1. Core, 2. Periphery, 3. Manufacture, 4. Commodity,
5. Chartered, 6.Stockholder, 7. Mercantilist, 8. Import substitution.
 TASK 2
According to the first paragraph of the text, what does the term “mercantilism” refer to?
This semester I get to teach Economic Geography, a Sophomore-level course in our International Studies program. I use World Systems and World History perspectives, both of which favor a global scale of analysis (the course textbook is Knox, Agnew & McCarthy’s The Geography of the World Economy). This week I presented on Mercantilism, which designates both the dominant political-economic doctrine of the 17th and 18th centuries (as hegemonic a doctrine in its day as Neoliberalism is today) and a set of trade practices institutionalized by European maritime powers. Our current globalized capitalist world economy was built on Mercantilist foundations, put in place in the first phase of global European
expansion, the second phase being that of the formal European empires of the industrial age. In the case of the “New World” in the Americas, Europe’s Mercantilists were creating entirely new trade networks and hinterlands. In the Old World of Afro-Eurasia however, Europe was rearranging the existing, much older, world economy it had been part of since the Middle Ages (see Andre Gunder Frank’s Re-Orient and Jim Blaut’s The Colonizer’s Model of the World). I wanted to illustrate this first phase of global capitalism with thematic maps. (p.1)
 TASK 3
Review the section from your reading text below and answer the questions:

1. Which countries attempted to resist British mercantilism?

2. How did they manage to stay successful in their efforts by 1815?

3. What were the political and economic factors that finally led to their failure?
BY 1815 THERE WERE VERY FEW MARKETS IN THE WORLD BEYOND
THE REACH OF BRITISH MERCHANTS. AMONG THESE FEW WERE
JAPAN, CHINA AND MOROCCO. TOKUGAWA JAPAN WOULD ONLY
TRADE WITH THE DUTCH (AND THE CHINESE), AND WOULD ONLY DO
SO ON THE ISLAND-QUAY OF DEJIMA IN NAGASAKI HARBOR. IN
CHINA, THE FACTORY OF THE BRITISH EAST INDIES COMPANY STOOD
ON FACTORIES QUAY IN GHANGZHOU ALONG WITH THOSE OF ALL
THE OTHER EUROPEAN COMPANIES (SAVE THE PORTUGUESE, WHO
TRADED ON THE ISLAND OF MACAO). THE QING DYNASTY IN CHINA
PROVED AS EFFECTIVE AT KEEPING EUROPEAN TRADERS OUT AS THE
MAMLUKS AND OTTOMANS HAD IN THE 15TH CENTURY. IN
MOROCCO, THE ‘ALAWI DYNASTY CONFINED TRADE WITH
EUROPEANS TO DESIGNATED CONSULATES, FIRST IN RABAT AND
THEN IN ESSAOUIRA (1762). THESE BUILDINGS WERE TINY
“FOOTHOLDS” FOR EUROPE’S MERCANTILIST TRADERS, ESPECIALLY
WHEN COMPARED TO THE SCALE OF THE HAVOC THEY WERE
WREAKING ELSEWHERE. THE POLICY OF LIMITING EUROPEAN
TRADE TO SPECIFIED FACTORIES AND CONSULATES IN SINGULAR
PORTS ALLOWED STATES LIKE JAPAN, CHINA AND MOROCCO TO
PROTECT THEIR OWN TRADE AND COMMERCE FROM THE VIOLENT
CORPORATE MONOPOLIES EUROPEAN POWERS WERE ATTEMPTING
TO IMPOSE ON ALL THE NON-EUROPEAN STATES THEY
ENCOUNTERED.
I N T H E M I D - 1 9 T H C E N T U R Y, I N D U S T R I A L C A P I T A L I S M , I N
THE NAME OF “FREEDOM OF COMMERCE,” WOULD USE A
F E W N E W R O U N D S O F P O W E R F U L G U N - B O AT D I P L O M A C Y
T O B R E A K T H E S E T H R E E S TAT E S O P E N O N C E A N D F O R
A L L : B R I TA I N ’ S O P I U M WA R S I N C H I N A ( 1 8 3 9 - 4 2 , 1 8 5 6 -
6 0 ) , T H E F R E N C H B O M B A R D M E N T O F TA N G I E R A N D
E S S A O U I R A ( 1 8 4 4 ) , A N D C O M M O D O R E P E R RY ’ S T H R E AT
T O E D O / T O K Y O ( 1 8 5 3 ) . B Y T H E N , B R I TA I N WA S T H E
“WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD,” PRODUCING
M A N U F A C T U R E S T H E W H O L E W O R L D WA N T E D T O B U Y. B Y
T H E N I T WA S P U R S U I N G F R E E T R A D E , S Y M B O L I Z E D B Y
T H E A B O L I T I O N O F S L AV E R Y ( 1 8 3 3 ) A N D T H E R E P E A L I N G
O F T H E N AV I G AT I O N A C T S ( 1 8 4 9 ) . B Y T H E N , T H E B R I T I S H
H A D T H E L A R G E S T M E R C H A N T N AV Y I N T H E W O R L D , A N D
I T S S H I P S , L A D E N W I T H A L L S O RT S O F M A D E - I N - B R I TA I N
M A N U FA C T U R E S , C A L L E D I N A L L T H E W O R L D ’ S P O RT S .
( P P. 1 6 - 1 7 )
 TASK 4
• Review the section from your reading text below and answer the questions:
• 1. Why were Asian countries not as much affected by Europeans as the Americas until mid 1700?
• 2. What was the economic situation of Asia in that period?
Many eastern and southern Asians had better success than the
Melakans in deflecting the Europeans, who were beginning to Some Asian states also remained politically and economically
arrive in the 1500s to compete with each other and Asians for strong. A Muslim kingdom dominated much of India, many
markets and resources. The Portuguese in the 1500s, the Dutch Southeast Asian states flourished from trade, China was still a
in the 1600s, and the English in the 1700s established some major power, able to deal with Europeans on Chinese terms, and
degree of control over the Indian Ocean maritime network and Japanese fiercely defended their interests. As in western
colonized a few areas, such as Melaka. But, for all their deadly Eurasia, connections to networks of exchange stretching around
gunpowder weapons, the Europeans did not yet have a clear the world helped various Asian states grow commercially. As
military and economic advantage over the stronger Asian states, late as 1750 China and India together still accounted for over
and as a result their influence in these regions was modest. half of world manufacturing. Trade between Asia and Europe
Various Asian leaders manipulated the rival Europeans and largely involved luxuries such as Chinese tea and silk,
sometimes forced them to leave. Asian countries were also Indonesian spices, Indian textiles, and European silver and gold
protected by distance, since they could be reached only by long Yet, in spite of spirited resistance to European incursions, by the
and dangerous voyages from Europe. As a result of this freedom mid-1700s most of the great Asian states were under stress or
to run their own affairs, most Asian societies did not undergo collapsing from a combination of internal problems and
the transitions that were reshaping the Americas and parts of destabilizing Western activities, leaving a vacuum for further
Africa in this era. European penetration. (pp. 517-518)
PA R A G R A P H S T R U C T U R E : C L A I M S , E V I D E N C E , A N A LY S I S
PA R A G R A P H S T R U C T U R E

1- Identify three structural parts (Claim, Evidence, Analysis) in the paragraphs below. What is the purpose of each of
these parts?

(1) While Atlantic Europe craved the spices and adored the silks of “the Orient” that it bought in Levantine ports, it
had few fine manufactures of its own to offer in return. (2) The fine woolen cloth of Flanders, as fine as it was, was
not a good fit for markets in the hot and arid Middle East, nor could the array of fine alcoholic beverages it produced
find many buyers in Muslim markets. (3) For the most part, western Europe had to purchase what it wanted in hard
currency, silver coin mostly, mined in Bohemia, most of which eventually ended up in China. This was the biggest
brake on Europe’s ability to consume Asian luxuries, and indicative of its “periphery” rank in the system. (p. 4)
(1) By 1815 there were very few markets in the world beyond the reach of British merchants. (2) Among these few were Japan,
China and Morocco. Tokugawa Japan would only trade with the Dutch (and the Chinese), and would only do so on the island-
quay of Dejima in Nagasaki harbor. In China, the factory of the British East Indies Company stood on Factories quay in
Ghangzhou along with those of all the other European companies (save the Portuguese, who traded on the island of Macao).
The Qing Dynasty in China proved as effective at keeping European traders out as the Mamluks and Ottomans had in the 15th
century. In Morocco, the ‘Alawi Dynasty confined trade with Europeans to designated consulates, first in Rabat and then in
Essaouira (1762). These buildings were tiny “footholds” for Europe’s Mercantilist traders, especially when compared to the
scale of the havoc they were wreaking elsewhere. (3) The policy of limiting European trade to specified factories and consulates
in singular ports allowed states like Japan, China and Morocco to protect their own trade and commerce from the violent
corporate monopolies European powers were attempting to impose on all the non-European states they encountered. (pp. 16-17)
R E V I E W T H E B L O C K S O F S E N T E N C E S B E L O W. E A C H B L O C K C O N TA I N S S E N T E N C E S
TA K E N F R O M T H E S A M E PA R A G R A P H B U T P R E S E N T E D I N A R A N D O M O R D E R . A R R A N G E
EA C H 1.
Block PA
(p.R5)A G R A P H P R O P E R L Y F O L L O W I N G C E A M O D E L .
Mali and Zimbabwe exported gold as a commodity to North Africa and the Middle East, where it was minted into currency,
which then circulated eastward across Central Asia and the Indian Ocean, much of it eventually ending up in India. (E)
The world economy’s other western peripheries, West Africa and East Africa, were the system’s greatest producers of gold.
The prosperity of Middle Eastern cities, at the crossroads of long-distance trade, was thus greatly enhanced by having both
Europe’s silver and Africa’s gold circulate through their markets on their way east. (A)
Block 2. (p. 9)
In an effort to enforce their declared monopolies against all comers, the Portuguese waged war right across the ocean from
Africa to Indonesia, ending the institution of freedom of trade at sea which had thrived there. (E)
The Portuguese state saw this as an extension of the Iberian Reconquista against the Muslims/Moors. They encountered
“Moors” everywhere, in Morocco and Guinea and East Africa and the Philippines. This is because, for centuries prior to
their arrival, the maritime trade networks across this vast area were operated by Muslim merchants. (A)
The Portuguese never succeeded in imposing their claim to monopoly, either on the merchants of the Indian Ocean or on
the other European merchants who soon followed them there, but they did succeed in violently disrupting pre-existing
trade relations. (C)
The CEA (Claim/Analysis/Evidence) structure provides an effective way of
organizing a paragraph:
Claim (or Topic sentence) – Usually the first sentence in a body
paragraph tells the reader what the main idea or claim of the
paragraph will be.
Evidence – are given to support your idea or claim. This may include
case studies, statistics, documentary evidence, academic books
or journal articles.
Remember - ALL evidence will require appropriate citation.
Analysis (or Comment) – Consider the strengths and limitations of
the evidence and examples that you have presented. Explain how
your evidence supports your claim (i.e., how does it ‘prove’ your
topic sentence?).
INSTRUCTIONS
Structural Pattern of Organization:
•Use linking words and phrases to make your paragraph cohesive. The paragraph should contain a clearly focussed topic
sentence that conveys the central claim of your paragraph, which is supported by evidence from the source text. The
evidence presented in your paragraph should be interpreted by critical analysis. Finally, write a concluding sentence that
summarises the central idea of the paragraph and makes clear how the paragraph supports your claim.

Writing Rules & Conventions:

•Refer to the weekly readings for evidence.
•When you refer to sources, use APA in-text citation format. Only use quotations for phrases (NOT for sentences!), instead
use paraphrasing and summarizing strategies.
•The paragraph should be 200-250 WORDS long (excluding the reference list). You are required to write within the specified
word limit!
• At the end of your paragraph, include a REFERENCE LIST in APA-format with all the sources you have used.
WRITING TASK: REVIEW THE MAP:

https://ericrossacademic.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/01-world-trade-1340.jpg
and write up one paragraph (CEA model) describing a particular feature of the Old World Trade Roots (of
your choice).
You may refer to the text.
QUIZ 3