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Run Test
Run Test
Formulae
Problem
Problem Analysis
Advantages
Other applications
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PURPOSE OF THE TEST AND TERMINOLOGY
Quite often in research we may be interested in
finding out whether the sample is drawn at random,
so that we can generalise the sample results to the
population
we can apply the technique called ‘Runs test’,
which is exclusively used for the purpose of
ensuring the randomness of parameters of interest
“Run” is defined as a ‘series of like items‘.
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UNDERSTANDING
For example, flipping a coin 10 times might have resulted in obtaining either head (H) or tail
(T) in each throw as follows
HH TT HHHH T H
1 2 3 4 5
Total Runs = 5
If the number of samples is very small or Very large then this would indicate a non-random
pattern. For example, consider again a throw of a coin for 10 times.
HHHH TTTT
1 2
Total Runs = 2
H T H T H T H T H T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total Runs = 10
This shows that there is a perceivable pattern in the sample. (Due to non random-Influence)
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FORMULAE
mr = (2n1 n2 / n1 +n2 ) +1
PROBLEM
H= Healthy Tree D= Diseased Tree
HH DD HHHH DDD HHHH DDDDD HHHHHHHHH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Total Runs = 7
H0 = The trees are planted/placed randomly
Ha = Diseased trees come in non-random grouping 5
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
mr = 14.33
sr = 2.38
1% significance
Z value for 0.495
= 2.58
Upper limit =
mr + (2.58 * 2.38)
= 20.47
Lower limit =
mr – (2.58 * 2.38)
= 8.19
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R=7 in CR. So Reject Ho; Accept Ha.
There is strong indication that diseased trees come in non-random grouping.
REQUIREMENTS
This checks for randomness of the sample
selected.
It is highly useful in checking the randomness of
residuals in regression or time series and
forecasting models.
ADVANTAGES
This test checks for randomness of the sample
selected.
It is highly useful in checking the randomness of
residuals in regression or time series and
forecasting models. 7
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Thus a runs test is used to test the randomness
dichotomous observations like head/tail, yes/no,
men/women, married/single, high/low,
increasing/decreasing