INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am here overhead in humbleness and gratefullness to

acknowledge my depth to all those who have helped me to put
these ideas , well above the level of simplicity and something
concrete , this endeavour would not have been possible without
my physics teacher Ms.

SUSHILA MARY mam.

I extend my deepest gratitude to our principal Ms DIMPLE who

gave me the opportunity to do this project on the topic
PHENOMENON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
which also helped me in doing research.

Finally I would like to thank all who had helped me to

conclude this project by providing me much needed support

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 ABSTRACT
An experiment is described in which the induced
electromotive force in a coil caused by an accelerating
magnet and the position of the moving magnet are measured
as a function of the time. When the circuit is completed by
adding an appropriate load resistor, a current that opposes
the flux change is generated in the coil. This current causes a
magnetic field in the coil which decreases the acceleration
of the rising magnet, as is evident from the position versus
time data. The circuit provides a direct observation of
effects that are a consequence of Lenz’s law. The energy
dissipated by the resistance in the circuit is shown to equal
the loss in mechanical energy of the system to within
experimental error, thus demonstrating conservation of
energy.

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 INTRODUCTION
Electromagnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic field is produced by electric current . The
magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.

Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor
by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called induction.

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Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field

Electromagnetic induction happens when an electromagnetic

field causes molecules in another object to flow. Induction can
produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (in radio transmitter).

Finally, it refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when

the magnetic flux linking a conductor change

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Magnetic flux:
It is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the
area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is
scalar quantity and its SI unit is the weber (Wb).
 Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael Faraday
in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described
it as Faraday’s law of induction.
 Electromagnetic induction is a current produced because of
voltage production (electromotive force) due to a changing
magnetic field.
 This either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving
magnetic field (when using an AC power source) or when a
conductor is constantly moving in a stationary magnetic field.
 Michael Faraday arranged a conducting wire attached to a
device to measure the voltage across the circuit. When a bar
magnets is moved through the coiling, the voltage detector
measure the voltage in the circuit

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 PRINCIPLE
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction)
is a process where a conductor placed in a changing
magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn causes an electric
current which is said as inducing current

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 THEORY
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction
in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of
Francesco Zantesdeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832 , Joseph
Henry made a similar discovery , but did not publish his findings
until later
Induced e.m.f.s:

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f will be

generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an

e.m.f could be generated either by,

A)Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or

B)By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
some way.

Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing

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Lenz’s law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.

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 APPLICATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:
When a source of an electromagnetic field is connected across an
inductor, current starts flowing through it. The back
electromagnetic field will oppose this increase in current through
the inductor. To establish the flow of current, the external source
of the electromagnetic field has to do some work for overcoming
this opposition.

1. Lenz’s law is used in electromagnetic brakes and

induction cooktops

2. It is also applied to electric generators, AC generators

3. Eddy current balances

4. Metal detectors

5. Eddy current dynamometers

6. Braking systems on train

7. Card readers

8. Microphones

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• Lenz’s law is also applied to electric generators. When a
current is induced in a generator, the direction of this induced
current is such that it opposes and causes rotation of the
generator (as in accordance with Lenz’s law) and hence the
generator requires more mechanical energy. It also provides
back emf in the case of electric motors.

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AIM:
The objective of this experiment is to qualitatively study
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 BAR MAGNET
 CONNECTING WIRE
 GALVANOMETER
 BATTERY
 KEY

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PROCEDURE:
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.

2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer

3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into
the coil and observe the changes in the galvanometer

4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different
number of turns and the variation in the deflection of the
galvanometer needle

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OBSERVATIONS:
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the
needle of galvanometer gets deflected in different
directions
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the
coil, the deflection is towards right
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil
, the deflection is towards left
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with
varying speed, the speed of deflection changes accordingly
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil , the
deflection increases
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric
current in the coil

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DIAGRAM

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RESULT:
1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the
presence of current in the coil

2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of

current
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the
current is induced
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change
in the number of turns in the coil - more the number of
turns in the coil greater is the deflection

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 CONCLUSION:
From this experiment , Faraday concluded that whenever
there is relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic
field, the flux linkage with a coil changes and this change in
flux induces a voltage across a coil

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BIBILIOGRAPHY:
 Physics ncert book for class XII

 www.wikipedea.com

 www.google.co

 Physics lab manual for class XII

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