Chapter 1 01

1 The Real Number System
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1.1, Slide 1
1.1 Exponents, Order of Operations and Inequality
Objectives
1. Use exponents.
2. Use the rules for order of operations.
3. Use more than one grouping symbol.
4. Know the meanings of ≠, <, >, ≤, and ≥.
5. Translate word statements to symbols.
6. Write statements that change the direction
of inequality symbols.
Exponents allow us a way to abbreviate repeated
factors.
Exponent
4
3·3·3·3 = 3
4 factors of 3
Base
4
CAUTION: 3 means 3 · 3 · 3 · 3, not 4 · 3.
Exponents
Example 1b
3
5 = 5 · 5 · 5 = 125
Example 1d
4
3 3 3 3 3 81
= · · · =
7 7 7 7 7 2401
Order of Operations
Order of Operations
If grouping symbols are present, simplify within them, innermost
first (and above and below fraction bars separately), in the
following order.
Step 1 Apply all exponents.
Step 2 Do any multiplications or divisions in the order in
which they occur, working from left to right.
Step 3 Do any additions or subtractions in the order in which
they occur, working from left to right.
If no grouping symbols are present, start with Step 1.
Order of Operations
Example 2a
Find the value of the expression.
8·2–5
= 16 – 5 Multiply.
= 11 Subtract.
Order of Operations
Example 2b
4(3 + 8)
= 4 ( 11 ) Add inside parentheses.
= 44 Multiply.
Order of Operations
Example 2c
5·3–2·4
= 15 – 8 Multiply, working from
left to right.
=7 Subtract.
Order of Operations
Example Find the value of the expression.
2
3 ( 10 – 3 · 2 ) + 30 – 5
2
= 3 ( 10 – 6 ) + 30 – 5 Multiply inside parentheses.
2
= 3 ( 4 ) + 30 – 5 Subtract inside parentheses.
= 3 ( 4 ) + 30 – 25 Apply the exponent.
= 12 + 30 – 25 Multiply.
= 42 – 25 Add.
= 17 Subtract.
Order of Operations
Example 3a Find the value of the expression.
3[9+2(4–1)]
=3[9+2(3)] Subtract inside parentheses.

=3[9+6] Multiply inside brackets.
= 3 [ 15 ] Add inside brackets.
= 45 Multiply.
Order of Operations
Example 3b Find the value of the expression.
3(2+6)–9 3(8)–9
= Add inside parentheses.
2(9)–3(5) 2(9)–3(5)
24 – 9
= Multiply.
18 – 15
15
= Subtract.
3
= 5 Divide.
Inequalities
Inequality Example Meaning

≠ 2≠5 2 does not equal 5
< 3<4 3 is less than 4
≤ 5≤7 5 is less than or equal to 7
> 7>3 7 is greater than 3
≥ 8≥8 8 is greater than or equal to 8
To keep the meanings of the symbols < and > clear, remember
that the symbol always points to the lesser number.
Inequalities
Example 4
# Example True or False?
(a) 6≠1 True
(b) 9≥5 True
(c) 8<4 False
(d) 1>2 False
(e) 6≤6 True
If either the < part or the = part is true, then the inequality ≤ is
true.
Inequalities
IMPORTANT: To compare fractions, write them with a common

denominator.
5 2
Is ≥ ?
7 3
15 14 First, rewrite fractions with a
≥ common denominator.
21 21
15 14 Now compare the two parts.

True >
21 21 Since one of the parts is true,
15 14 5 2
= ≥ is true.
False 7 3
21 21
Translating Word Statements to Symbols
Example 5
# Statement Symbols
(a) Twelve is equal to ten plus two. 12 = 10 + 2
(b) Nine is less than ten. 9 < 10
(c) Fifteen is not equal to eighteen. 15 ≠ 18
(d) Seven is greater than four. 7>4
(e) Thirteen is less than or equal to forty. 13 ≤ 40
(f) Six is greater than or equal to six. 66
Converting Inequalities
To convert between < and >, reverse both the order of the
numbers and the direction of the symbol.
Example 6a
Interchange numbers.
15 > 2 becomes 2 < 15
Reverse symbol.
Converting Inequalities
To convert between < and >, reverse both the order of the
numbers and the direction of the symbol.
Example 6b
Interchange numbers.
6 < 10 becomes 10 > 6
Reverse symbol.
Sentences vs. Expressions
CAUTION
The symbols of equality and inequality are used to write
mathematical sentences. They differ from the symbols for
operations (+, −, ·, and ÷), discussed earlier, which are used to
write mathematical expressions that represent a number. For
example, compare the sentence 4 < 10, which gives the
relationship between 4 and 10, with the expression 4 + 10,
which tells how to operate on 4 and 10 to get the number 14.

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Chapter 1 01

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1 The Real Number System

Example 3a Find the value of the expression.

=3[9+2(3)] Subtract inside parentheses.

Inequality Example Meaning

IMPORTANT: To compare fractions, write them with a common

15 14 Now compare the two parts.

15 > 2 becomes 2 < 15

6 < 10 becomes 10 > 6

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