Subject: SCIENCE

Teacher: Daniel Boamah Sefa

Date: September , 2023

SIA4 Leadership Innovation Social Entrepreneurship Community Service& Engagement

Savannah International Academy

Savannah International Academy 1

PURE SUBSTANCES
AND MIXTURES
PURE SUBSTANCES
Pure substance cannot be broken down by physical
means.
This means you can’t take it apart unless you do some
serious chemical process.
Elements are pure substances.
Compounds are pure substances.
ELEMENTS: PURE
SUBSTANCES
An element is made of only one type of atom.
Atoms cannot be broken down physically.
Examples:
 Li (Lithium) is an element, made of only one type of atom. Therefore, it is a
pure substance.
 Au (Gold) is an element. So, it is a pure substance since the one type of atom
can’t be broken down.
Pure Substance
HETEROGENOUS HOMOGENOUS
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS MIXTURES MIXTURES

Elements are the Compounds are All components of Homogeneous

simplest pure pure substances the mixture are mixtures
substances. that are made of visible because they Components cannot
Examples: more than one do not mix together be distinguished
•O-Oxygen element bound Particles not from each other,
•H- Hydrogen together. distributed evenly appear as one
•Na- Sodium Examples: substance
•C- Carbon •H2O and CO2 EX: sand and water Particles distributed
•Fe- Iron vegetable soup evenly throughout
•Pb- Lead A molecule is oil and water
The smallest formed when two EX: air, salt water,
particle of an or more atoms 10 karat gold
element that has chemically
the properties of combine. *SOLUTIONS
that element is an
atom.
 2 TYPES OF MIXTURES
Heterogeneous mixtures
All components of the mixture
are visible because they do not
mix together
Particles not distributed evenly
EX: trail mix,
vegetable soup,
oil and water
Homogeneous mixtures
Components cannot be
distinguished from each
other, appear as one
substance
Particles distributed
evenly throughout
EX: air, salt water, 10
karat gold
EXTRAS:
Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions.

Separate particles are not visible because one

dissolves in the other = dissolution

In salt water,
salt is the solute, gets dissolved
Smaller quantity
water is the solvent, dissolves
other substance
Larger quantity
 2 TYPES OF MIXTURES
Q. Why do some substances dissolve and others do not?
A. In a solute, each particle is attracted to each other to form a grain of it.
When the solute is placed in a water, new attractive forces are present.
If the attractive forces between the water and the solute are stronger
than those holding the solute together, then the solute will break down
and get dissolved in the water.
SOLUTION
Solution: a mixture of two or more substances that
is identical throughout (homogeneous)
can be physically separated Salt water is
considered a
composed of solutes and solvents solution. How can it
be physically
separated?
the substance being dissolved
the substance that dissolves the solute

Iced Tea Mix Iced Tea Water

(solute) (solution) (solvent)
SOLUTION

The solvent is the largest part of the solution

and the solute is the smallest part of the
solution

S O L V E N T
S O L U T E
Chemistry-Borders IPC-SOLUTIONS-BORDERS
SOLUTIONS

the solute is the

substance or matter
being dissolved or is
soluble (able to be
dissolved) in the solvent

the solvent is the

substance into which
the solute is dissolved
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Gaseous solutions – air = Oxygen +
Nitrogen

Liquid solutions – drinks = mix + water

Solid solutions – alloys = steel, brass, etc

CONCENTRATION
the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at a
given temperature

•described as dilute if it has

a low concentration of solute
dissolved

•described as concentrated
if it has a high concentration
of solute dissolved
DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS
Diffusion is when particles move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.

Eg. KMnO4 in water

SOLUBILITY
Because different amounts of
solute can be dissolved in a
solvent, we look at a solution’s
SOLUBILITY.
SOLUBILITY

Definition: The maximum amount

of solute that can be dissolved in a
given amount of solvent at a
specific temperature.

Usually expressed as the number

of grams of solute per 100mL of
solvent.
SOLUBILITY
Every chemical substance which dissolves
in water has a fixed solubility.
If it does not dissolve, solubility = zero.

Many of these solublities

have been measured and
special charts are produced
displaying solubility of
many substances at once.
 SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
1. Sedimentation: occurs 3. Filtration: separates parts of
naturally when solid a heterogeneous mixture by
substances that are heavier pouring it though a filter, the
than their solvent deposit at larger particles (residue) will be
the bottom of the mixture. held in the filter while the smaller
EX: Water treatment ones (filtrate) will pass through.
EX: Brita

2. Decantation: a 4. Distillation: used to separate

heterogeneous mixture that has components of a homogeneous
distinct layers can be separated mixture based on their different
by slowly pouring one of the boiling points. Solution is heated
layers into another container. and substance with lower boiling
EX: Separating cream from points evaporates and passes
milk through a tube where it cools and
turns back to water in another
container.