IGCSE- BIOLOGY

Animal nutrition
 CONTENTS

1.
The circulatory system
2.
Heart

3.
Blood vessels
4.
Blood

5.
Lymph and tissue fluid
01.
The circulatory system
 The circulatory system

• Human are multicellular organism

• How to exchange substance in and our for each cell?

 Need a transport system:

 Circulatory system

• The heart

• Blood vessels

• Blood
 The circulatory system

• Oxygenated blood  Body (respiration)  Deoxygenated blood

• Double Circulatory system:

• Blood pass the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body

• Single circulatory system: Fish

• Pressure low, blood travel slow, delivery of oxygen less

02.
The heart
 The heart

• Blood vessels
• Away from heart: Artery
• Towards heart: Vein
• Capillary link artery and vein

• Artery  Capillary  Vein  Heart

• Heart  Lung  Heart  Artery
 The heart

• Cardiac muscle
• 4 chambers:
• Upper chamber: Atria (receive blood)
• Left atrium
• Right atrium
• Lower chamber: Ventricles
• Left ventricle
• Right ventricle
• Left and right chamber separated by: Septum
• Atria and ventricles are separated by: Atrioventricular valve

房室瓣
 The heart

• The heart as a pump

• Pulmonary vein  Left atrium
• Vena cava  Right atrium
• Left ventricle  Aorta
• Right ventricle  Pulmonary artery

• Lung
• Pulmonary artery  Lung  Pulmonary vein
• Body
• Aorta  Body  Vein
 The heart -- Quiz

Vena cava Pulmonary

(Vein) Vein

? ?
? ?

? ?
? ?

Pulmonary Aorta
artery (Artery)
 The heart -- Quiz

? ?

Right Left
Atrium Atrium

Right Left
Ventricle Ventricle

? ?
 The heart -- Quiz

• Left and right chamber separated by: …?

• Atria and ventricles are separated by: …?

 The heart

• Oxygenated blood:
Aorta + Pulmonary vein
• Deoxygenated
Vena cava + Pulmonary artery
 Quiz

• Which row shows what is carried, and in which direction, by the pulmonary vein?

What is carried Direction

A deoxygenated blood from the heart

B deoxygenated blood to the heart
C oxygenated blood from the heart
D
oxygenated blood to the heart
 Summary

• Heart chamber:
Atrium + Ventricle
• Blood vessels:
Artery + Vein
Aorta + Vena cava & Pulmonary artery + Pulmonary vein
• Oxygenated blood:
• Pulmonary vein + Aorta
• Deoxygenated blood:
• Vena cava + Pulmonary artery
 The heart

• Blood vessel on the outside of the heart:

• Coronary arteries - Supply blood to heart muscles
• Blockage of coronary arteries: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
 The heart

• Heart beat  Pacemaker

• A patch of muscle in right atrium (Sinoatrial node )
 The heart

• Heart
• Contract: Systole
• Relax: Diastole

• Atria and ventricles are separated by:

 Atrioventricular valve
• Left valve: Bicuspid value
• Right valve: Tricuspid valve
03.
Blood vessels
 Blood vessels

• Blood vessels
• Away from heart: Artery
• Towards heart: Vein
• Capillary link artery and vein
 Blood vessels
• Arteries:
• Blood pulse through (strong wall)
• Has elastic tissue that can stretch and recoil
• Arteries  Arteriole
• Capillary
• Artery divide and divide  Capillary
• Every part of the body  Nutrient, O2 and Waste material
• Thin wall
• Vein:
• Lower pressure than arteries
• Lumen is wider than arteries
• Veins have valve to stop blood flowing backwards (arteries not)
• Veins  Venule
04.
Blood
 Blood

• Blood

• Plasma (liquid part), contains:

• Red blood cell

• White blood cell

• Platelets
 Blood

• Red blood cell

• Made in bone marrow

• Contain pigment: Haemoglobin, which carry oxygen

• No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin

• Shape: Biconcave disc - large surface to volume ratio

 Blood

• White blood cells:

• Fight Pathogen (Disease causing bacterial + Virus) + Clear

up dead body cells

• By Phagocytosis or Produce antibodies

 Blood

• Platelets

• No nucleus, made in bone marrow

• Involved in blood clotting

• Blood vessels is cut - Damaged tissue or Platelets

release a chemical - cause fibrinogen (Soluble protein)

change to fibrin (insoluble)

4.1
Transport in blood
 Transport in blood

• Blood main function

• Transport substance around the body

• Nutrition

• Oxygen

• Waste material
 Transport in blood

• Oxygen
• In lung, Haemoglobin (Hb) + Oxygen = Oxyhaemoglobin (OxyHb)
 Transport in blood

• Carbon dioxide
• Respiration  Carbon dioxide  Diffuse through the wall of capillary  Carried by plasma  Vein  heart
 Pulmonary arteries  CO2 diffuse out of blood and leave body by expiration
 Transport in blood

• Food
• Digested food is absorbed in ileum  Dissolve in plasma in
blood capillary in villi  Hepatic portal vein  Liver
 Transport in blood

• Urea
• Liver  Waste substance  Blood plasma  Kidney 
Excrete in urine
05.
Lymph and tissue fluid
 Lymph and tissue fluid

• Hormones

• Endocrine glands  Hormone  Blood plasma  Around the body

• Heat

• Muscle  Heat  Blood  The rest of the body  Warm

• Plasma protein

• Protein dissolved in plasma e.g. Fibrinogen

 Lymph and tissue fluid

• Plasma + White blood cell leak from capillaries  Tissue fluid

 Lymph and tissue fluid

• Tissue fluid supply cells with all requirement:

 Lymph and tissue fluid

• Function of tissue fluid:

1. Provide a constant environment for cells
e.g. temperature, osmotic concentration  Homeostasis
2. Supply cells with all requirement
 Lymph and tissue fluid

• Tissue fluid slowly drain into lymphatic capillaries, the fluid is called lymph
• Lymphatic capillaries join up to form large lymphatic vessels  Subclavian vein  Back to blood
 Lymph and tissue fluid

• Lymph nodes

• Produce new white blood cell

• Destroy bacteria and toxin

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Pathogen and Immunity