PSYCHIATRIC

ASSESSMENTS
Nur Iman Najihah Binti Muhizan
4263211004
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1
HOSPITAL ANXIETY AND
DEPRESSION SCALE (HADS)
 OVERVIEW
▪ Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983

▪ An assessment to measure anxiety and depression in patients

▪ Focuses on non-physical symptoms

▪ Has 2 scales – HADS – A and HADS – D

▪ 14 items – 7 items relate to anxiety and 7 items relate to depression

Scoring

▪ 0 – 7: normal

▪ 8 – 10: borderline abnormal

▪ 11 – 21: abnormal
 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
▪ It was determined that HADS performed well in assessing the symptom severity and caseness of
anxiety disorders and depression in somatic, psychiatric, primary care, and general population
samples (Bjelland et al., 2002)

▪ HADS – A and HADS – D are unidimensional measures with acceptable internal consistency and are
invariant with regard to sex. (Djukanovic et al., 2017)

▪ HADS can be considered a valid and reliable measurement tool for various scientific and clinical
practices in the general population. (Tumurbaatar et al., 2021)
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02
THE COPING
RESPONSES
INVENTORY
 OVERVIEW
▪ Developed by Rudolph H. Moos in 1993

▪ An instrument to identify the cognitive and behavioral responses an individual used to cope with
stressful situations

▪ 48 items (+10 items for CRI – Adult)

▪ CRI is available in two forms:

- CRI –Youth (12 – 18 years old)

- CRI – Adult (18 years old and above)

 OVERVIEW
▪ Specific uses (Moos, 1993 and 2011):

- Treatment planning for stress-related problems

- Treatment planning for rehabilitation programs

- An instrument for identifying individuals who may be at-risk or in-need of counselling or

medical attention

- An educational planning and assessment instrument

- A research instrument to investigate coping resources in various populations and to provide a

standardized measure in coping research
 COMPONENTS
▪ The first 4 categories evaluate coping styles based on the approach to the problem

[Logical analysis – Positive reappraisal] – cognitive coping responses

[Seek guidance/support – Problem-solving] – behavioral coping responses

• The final 4 categories evaluate coping styles based on avoidance strategies

[Cognitive avoidance – Acceptance or resignation] – cognitive coping responses

[Seek alternative rewards – Emotional discharge] – behavioral coping responses

 ADMINISTRATION
▪ The CRI – Adult may be administered:

- Individually

- Groups

▪ The CRI – Adult may be administered:

- Self – report format

- Structured interview
 SCORING & INTERPRETATION
▪ 4 point scale: 0 = not at all; 3 = fairly often

▪ t-scores of less than 34: below average

▪ t-scores of 46 to 54: average

▪ t-scores of greater than 66: above average

 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
▪ Based on a study, the approach responses and avoidance responses that make up coping responses
were .79 and .71, respectively for alpha coefficient and values for split-half coefficient were .75
and .70, respectively.

▪ This means that the items are reliable to measure the approach and an avoidance response. In
addition, the instruments has a high level of internal consistency.

▪ The coping responses, approach responses, and avoidance responses exhibited significant test-retest
reliability.
 THANKS!
Nur Iman Najihah Binti Muhizan
Bachelor of Occupational Therapy
Cohort 8B

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 REFERENCES
▪ Tumurbaatar, E., Hiramoto, T., Tumur-Ochir, G., Jargalsaikhan, O., Erkhembayar, R., Jadamba, T.,
& Lkhagvasuren, B. (2021). Translation, reliability, and structural validity of the Hospital Anxiety
and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general population of Mongolia. Neuroscience Research
Notes, 4(3Suppl), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v4i3suppl.101
▪ Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the Hospital
Anxiety and Depression Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(2), 69–77.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3
▪ Djukanovic, I., Carlsson, J., & Årestedt, K. (2017). Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
(HADS) a valid measure in a general population 65–80 years old? A psychometric evaluation
study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0759-9
 REFERENCES
▪ Chinaveh, M. (2013). The Examination of Reliability and Validity of Coping Responses Inventory
Among Iranian Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 607–614.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.612
▪ Vanotti, S., Cabral, N. L. D., Eizaguirre, M. B., Marinangeli, A., Román, M. J. J., Alonso, R. N.,
Silva, B., & Garcea, O. (2021). Coping strategies: Seeking personalized care in relapsing-
remitting multiple sclerosis. A patient reported measure–coping responses inventory. Multiple
Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical, 7(1), 205521732098758.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2055217320987588