Review of Basic Principles 2

Hyung-Taek Kim, Ph.D.

Professor in Energy Engineering
Division of Energy Systems, Ajou University
 Heat, work and thermodynamics

System : portion for thermodynamics consideration

Surroundings : the matter outside the system
Boundary : separation between system &
surrounding
State : certain set of properties (usually Xi, P, V, T)
Properties : T, P ,V …
Process : isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric
Equilibrium : uniform state of system
Reversible : succession of equilibrium states

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 1. Temperature, Heat, and 0th law of
thermodynamics

Two bodies, each in thermal equilibrium with a third body,

are in thermal equilibrium with each other
: 0th law of thermodynamic

Heat : a form of energy, which flows from one body to

another as a result of T difference
Quantity of heat added/removed in dependent on path
∴ called path ft.

Work : another form of energy.

product of force and distance

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 1. Temperature, Heat, and 0th law of thermodynamics

If gas expands as in Fig

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 1. Temperature, Heat, and 0th law of thermodynamics
Since P is changing during the process

P-V diagram for expansion process

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2. The first law of thermodynamics
Internal energy : translation, rotational or vibration E
of molecules
The addition of heat increase the molecular activity,
thus result in increase of internal E

Statement of 1st law

• Energy assumes many forms but the total quantity
of energy in constant.
• The energy change of an isolated system is zero
• The energy of universe is constant

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2. The first law of thermodynamics

Constant volume process

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2. The first law of thermodynamics
Constant pressure process

Constant temperature process

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2. The first law of thermodynamics
Adiabatic process

Dividing by

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2. The first law of thermodynamics
Specific heats of miscellaneous substances at 20°C

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2. The first law of thermodynamics
Mean molar heat capacities of gases in ideal-gas
state, base temperature, 77°F

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

Energy Analysis of Open(flow) Systems
Mass & energy conservation

(mass) (mass) (mass)

(E flow-in) – (E flow-out) = (Energy accumulated)

For a steady-state

(Energy flow-in) = (Energy flow-out)

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

Energy Analysis of Open(flow) Systems

Distinguish between shaft work and P-V work

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Energy Analysis of Chemical Reaction

If w = 0, then Energy balance eqn. equals to

(open system)

To calculate ΔH, enthalpy value of each compounds

must be determined.
- standard enthalpy of formation : enthalpy
required when compounds is formed from the
elements
- standard enthalpy of reaction : enthalpy
difference between products & reactants

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Energy Analysis of Chemical Reaction

Standard heat of formation for different compounds

 Heat of formation: H
required from the
element state
 Heat of reaction

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Energy analysis accompanying phase changes

During boiling or melting, there is no T change but heat is

absorbed or removed

Latent heat can be calculated by Clapeyron’s Eqn

when ΔH is latent heat, ΔV is volume change accompanying

phase change, dPs/ dT is slope of vapor pressure curve

For liquid + vapor mixture, introduce quality

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 3. 2nd law of thermodynamics

2nd law tells the direction of heat flow

2nd law defines the entropy term

• heat flows from high T to low T spontaneously

(other direction require work)

• separated 2 gas can be mixed spontaneously

(other direction require work)

• mechanical work → heat conversion : 100%

heat → mechanical work conversion : limitation

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Source and sink

Source : A system which remains constant T

irrespective of amount of heat withdrawn from it
also called reservoir
example : sun, combustion of fossil fuel,
nuclear reaction

Sink : A system which remains constant T

irrespective of amount of heat added
also called body
example : sea, atmosphere

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Heat Engine, Heat Pump, Refrigerator

Schematic diagram of a heat engine and heat pump

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Efficiency of Power System
1) for heat engine
Output W work out QH  QL
    
Input QH heat in QH

2) for refrigerator, (its purpose is to remove heat

from a low temperature reservoir)
QL QL
 R  COPC  
W QH  QL

3) for heat pump, (its purpose is to put heat into

the high-temp. reservoir, to heat your home in the winter)
Q QH
 HP  COPH  H 
W QH  QL

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Carnot cycle (ideal heat engine)

T
P a Pa,Va a b
TH

Pb,Vb
b
d TL

Pd,Vd d c
c
Pc,Vc

V S

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

2nd law : Carnot cycle

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Vapor Cycle (steam power plant)

Schematic of a Rankine cycle power plant

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : (Vapor Cycle : steam power plant)

Rankine cycle on a T-S diagram

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Low T organic Rankine cycle
- producing power from low T heat source such as waste heat
recovery, biomass power plant, geothermal plant and solar
thermal plant
-Working fluid : freon, isobutane, isopentane, hexane

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : IC engine

Gasoline engine : SI (spark ignition)

Diesel engine : CI (compression ignition)

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Otto Cycle

 0-1 : air intake ( 공기 흡입 )

 1-2 : adiabatic reversible compression ( 압축 행정 )
 2-3 : constant volume combustion ( 폭발 행정 , 강제 점화 )
 3-4 : adiabatic reversible expansion ( 팽창 행정 , 동력 )
 4-1 : flue gas exhaust (open valve, P decrease)
 1-0 : piston moves upward
 2nd law : Diesel Cycle

 0-1 : air intake( 공기 흡입 )

 1-2 : adiabatic reversible compression( 압축 행정 )
 2-3 : constant pressure combustion( 폭발 행정 , 자연 점화 )
 3-4 : adiabatic reversible expansion( 팽창 행정 , 동력 )
 2nd law : Gas Turbine

Schematic diagram of Brayton cycle

= (H3-H2) – (H4-H1)/(H3-H2)

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Refrigeration cycle
Schematic diagram of vapor compression system

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 2nd law : Refrigeration cycle
Vapor compression on T-S Vapor compression on P-H
diagram diagram

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 4. Transport Phenomena

Examples of application
- optimizing of piping network for solar thermal collector fields
- design of piping network for distribution of cooking gas
- Calculation of P drop in a cooling/cleaning train of a
producer gas power plant
- Optimal design of blades of wind turbine or a hydro turbine
- fluidization of rice husk in a fluidized-bed
combustion/gasification system
- Granule formation in a UASB reactor for biomethanation of
organic wastes
- Analysis of biomass briquetting process

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Transport Phenomena

Examples of application
- analysis, study and design of a variety of solar thermal
devices such as flat plate collectors, air heaters, solar
ponds, solar stills, box type cookers and solar passive
components
- design of heat exchangers and in general, any heat transfer
systems, such as furnaces, improved cook stoves and
boilers
- production of bio-ethanol, bio-diesel, etc., which involves
distillation
- removal of impurities, such as H2S and tar by scrubbing
- design of solar- or biomass-based drying systems
- design and analysis of absorption/adsorption cooling system
using solar energy, biogas, and so on

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Transport Phenomena

3 basic law of transfer

1) Newton’s law of viscosity

2) Fourier’s law of heat conduction

3) Fick’s law of diffusion

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Momentum balance: Pressure Loss from Fluid Friction

Pressure loss from fluid friction

consider cylindrical fluid flow as in Fig ( 2)
force balance eqn. represented as shear force exercised to s.a. = P change upon cross-section
 D2
 w D(dx) = (dP)  (19) dx
4 →
dP 4
rearrange eqn. (19),   w  (20)
dx D
stress at tube wall can be expressed as
f 1 V2
w  , f = friction factor
4  2 gc
dP 4  f 1 V  f 1 V
2 2 2
f 1V
    , dP  dx Fig (2)
dx D  4 v 2 g c  D v 2 g c D v 2gc
 Momentum balance: Friction Factor

f : defined as friction factor on velocity head (Re #)

VDe VDe GDe
Fig 1 is graph f vs. Re number , Re   
  
.
 Momentum balance : friction factor

Flow between two plate

fanning friction factor defined as

Flow inside circular pipe

fanning friction factor defined as

Hydraulic diameter

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

Heat Transfer

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Conduction heat transfer equation

Steady conduction in a slab

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Heat transfer in composite

Compound slab of different

materials Conduction in a compound slab

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Heat transfer :convection
Convective heat transfer
where is convective heat transfer resistance

heat transfer coefficient data not easily computed

So that use dimensional analysis as below

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Heat transfer : radiaton
Radiation heat transfer

Radiation exchange between two surfaces

q12   AF (T14  T2 4 )

Ajou University Energy Process Lab.

 Mass Transfer : application area

Operation Extract Raffinate

Phase Phase
Distillation Vapor Liquid
Gas absorption/dehumidification Gas Liquid
Membrane separations Gas or liquid Gas or liquid
Adsorption Gas or liquid Solid
Liquid extraction Extract Raffinate
Leaching Liquid Solid
Crystallization Mother liquor Crystals
Drying Gas (usually air) Wet solid
Transfer of material from one homogeneous phase to another
Driving force for transfer is a concentration difference
 Mass Transfer Coefficients and Film Theory

 In most applications, turbulent flow is desired

 Increases rate of transfer per unit area
 Helps disperse one fluid in another and create more interfacial
area

 Mass transfer to a fluid interface is an inherently

unsteady-state process
 Continuously changing conc. gradients and mass-transfer rates

 Mass transfer coefficient, k – rate of mass transfer per

unit area per unit concentration difference
Ajou University Energy Process Lab.
 Absorption vs. Adsorption
 Absorption – a soluble vapor is absorbed by means
of a liquid in which the solute gas is soluble
 Washing of ammonia from a mixture of ammonia and air
using liquid water
 Gas is recovered from liquid by distillation

 Desorption or stripping – a solute is transferred

from the solvent liquid into the gas phase

 Adsorption – components of a fluid phase are

transferred to the surface of a solid adsorbent,
usually a fixed bed
 Flow through porous media
Post-Combustion Capture Technology : Absorption
Flue Gas + absorbent solution 
CO2 in the flue gas can be selectively separated
- high efficiency, large scale application
Absorption Reagent

1. Decrease vapor P
2. Increase solubility
with water

1. N behave as alkali
2. Can be reacted with
acid gas (CO2)
Concept of Continuous Absorption Process
Separation process
[low T absorption ( 40 °C) , high T desorption] (120°C)
Post-Combustion Capture Technology : Adsorption
Concept of Adsorption Technology
KEPCO Developed Sorbent : 전력연구원 개발 흡수제
Post-Combustion Capture Technology :Membrane Technology
• Membrane
• CO2 can be selectively separated with its chemical or physical
properties through the film-type membrane
• Simple, Mobile, small scale
Hollow Fiber Membrane for CO2 Separation
 모듈 사이즈 : 중공사 가닥수 : 4000, 16000, 직경 2, 3.5 inch,
길이 50cm, 막면적 2-10 m2

Potting machine Module case

2 인치 , 3.5 인치 모듈 외관
Cutting machine 2 인치 , 3.5 인치 모듈