Basics of Aircraft Instruments

Basics of Aircraft
INSTRUMENTS
Systems

Fig. Page
 Basics of Aircraft Instruments

1 - Elements of an Instrument

Dynamic
Pressure

30

Sensing element 20

10

1
Measuring Coupling
element element
Static
Pressure
Indicating element

Fig. Page 2-5

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
2 - Elements of an Instrument
( Coupling element )
( Measuring Element )
Error Detector Amplification
(Sensing
element )
Motor Drive

M
Sensor Signal Shaping
Transducer
Feedback
Error
Corrector
X 1006
0 2 4 6 8 10

Display
( Indicating Element )

Fig. Page 2-6

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
3 – Instrument Grouping ( Basic Six )

Airspeed Vertical
Gyro Horizon
Indicator Speed

Course Turn And Slip

Altimeter
Indicator Indicator

Fig. Page 2 – 8a
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
4 – Instrument Grouping ( Basic T )

Airspeed Gyro Horizon Vertical

Indicator Altimeter
Speed

Course
Machmeter R M I
Indicator

Turn And
Slip

Fig. Page 2-8

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
6 – Gears

Amplification
And reversal

Reduction
And reversal

BI-Metal
Strip

Fig. Page 2 - 10
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
7 - Differential Gears Output
Output Input Input Output
Drive Shaft

Input Output

Ring Gear Pinion Gear

Output

Left Axle Right Axle

Input # 1 Input # 2

Differential Gears Differential Gears Carrier

Fig. Page 2 - 12
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
56 - LVDT Application

Output

Magnetic Core

Secondary Primary Secondary

Winding Winding Winding

Magnetic Beam
Pressure

Range
Fig. Page 2 - 82 Spring
 64 - Basic Accelerometer Arrangements

Displacement Displacement Displacement

Cantilever
Spring

P
M M M
M
Basic
Accelerometer Mechanical Electrical

Seismic Accelerometers
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
66 - Accelerometer Function & Location

Armature
Leaf
Spring
Core
Output

Acceleration Acceleration

Accelerometers Located as Close as Possble to the Center of Gravity

Fig. Page 2 - 97
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
76 - Capsules Gauge Pressure

Sensitive

Single

Fig. Page 2 -110

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
77 - Bellows Gauge Pressure
Pressure Output

Pressure
Output

Gauge Pressure

Fig. Page 2 -110

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
78 - Bellows Absolute Pressure

Output

Pressure
B
A

Output

Pressure

A
B

Fig. Page 2 -111

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
80 - The Bourdon Tube

Bourdon tube
a
Output
Relaxed Link

Quadrant
b
Pivot
With
Pressure

Pressure
Pressure

Fig. Page 2 -112

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
81 - Low Gauge Pressure Indicator “Simplified”

Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure to be measured
Range
Spring
Bellows

Pivot

Fig. Page 2 -115

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
81 - Differential Gauge Pressure Indicator “Simplified”

Pressure to be measured
P2

P1
Pressure to be measured

Fig. Page 2 -116

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
82 - Absolute Pressure Indicator “Simplified”

Pressure

Vacuum P1

Sealing
Bellows
Pressure to be measured

Active Bellows

Pivot

Fig. Page 2 -117

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
84 - Differential Pressure Transmitter
Pressure
Indicator

Regulated
Pressure

P1
Restriction

Balance
Bellows Orifice
Beam

Pivot

P2
Fig. Page 2 -119
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
86 - Pressure Transmitter
Pressure
Supply Pressure
Pressure
Indicator

Regulated
Pressure

Nozzle Clearance
Restriction

Pressure to Balance
be measured Bellows Orifice
Beam

Pivot
Range Spring

Fig. Page 2 -120

-121
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
86 - Pressure Transducer

Output

Magnetic Core

Secondary Primary Secondary

Winding Winding Winding

Magnetic Beam
Pressure

Range
Fig. Page 2 -121 Spring
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
87 - The Dead Weight Tester

Weights

Gauge under test

Piston Oil
Filling cup

Calibrating Pressure Gauges

Fig. Page 2 -122

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
89 - Temperature

TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
90 - Temperature Scales
373 100 Water boils 212

273 0 Ice melts 32

0 -373 -459.4

Kelvin or absolute Centigrade Fahrenheit

Fig. Page 2 -127

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
92 - The moving coil Structure 2

N S

N S

Fig. Page 2 -129

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
93 - Temp Indicating Syst.

Indicating Element

Temperature Sensing Element

Calibrating Coil Sensing Resistor

Temperature Indicating System

Fig. Page 2 -130
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
93 - Total Air Temperature Sensor

Air Flow
Metering
Orifice

Sensing
Element

Fig. Page 2 -133

 Basics of Aircraft Instruments
94 - Total Air Temperature Indicator
Total Air
Temperature

1 2.6
Air Flow

Metering OFF
Orifice

Comparato
r M
Sensing
Element
DC

Power AC
Supply

Air Data Computer

Fig. Page 2 -134

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
94 - The Thermocouple System

Junction 2

Junction 1 I1 I2

HOT Junction
I1

COLD Junction
Calibration Resistor
+

Thermocouple Leads

Fig. Page 2 -134

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
105 - Simplified altimeter

Barometric or Ground
Pressure Scale

29

30

ALTTUDE

Differential System

Fig. Page 2 -157

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
106 - Atmospheric Press. Higher Temp.
Versus Alt. B1

5 5 5

H
5000 Ft. B Lower Temp.

B2

A B C

00 00
0 0
-27 0
-27
10

10
23

23
1003
1023

270 Ft.
10

03

Sea level

10

03
1013
13
10

13
10
Fig. Page 2 -158
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
107 - Barometric Press. Correction

Indicated Indicated
Altitude Altitude
14 000 Ft. 14 000 Ft.

True Altitude
15 000 Ft. Absolute
Altitude
13 000 Ft.

Airfield Elevation
2 000 Ft.
Sea Level

Importance of Barometric Scale Correction

Fig. Page 2 -134
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
108 - Simplified Altimeter

9 1
3 1 0 00
8 2

ALT
7 Mb In. HG. 3
1 0 1 3 2 9 9 2

6 4 BARO

Set Knob Ca[sule

Static
Pressure
Fig. Page 2 -163
Basics of Aircraft Instruments
111 - Pitot and Static Sources

Stagnation Point H in feet

Static ports
FLOW V

FLOW V

Pitot Pressure
Static Source

Fig. Page 2 -171

Basics of Aircraft Instruments
112 - Effects of Wind Direction
Wind Velocity Equals 50 Knots

Indicated
Ground Speed Equals 350 Knots Airspeed
400 Knots

Wind Velocity Equals 50 Knots

Indicated
Airspeed
400 Knots
Ground Speed Equals 450 Knots
Fig. Page 2 -172