PROPOSITION

LESSONS

• The Categorical Proposition

• Hypothetical Proposition
• Oppositional Inferences
Categorical Proposition
A proposition that asserts in a straightforward manner an agreement or disagreement of a
subject and predicate term.

Elements
• Subject Term (S) expresses the ideas being compared by the mind in the process of
judgment.
• Predicate Term (P) expresses the ideas being compared by the mind in the process of
judgment.
• Copula (c) is a form of the verb to be that expresses the agreement or disagreement of
the natures represented by ideas and terms.

Examples:

• Every patient is in need of care.

• Every bird is an animal.
Quality of the Categorical Proposition
Affirmative
A proposition in which there is an agreement of S and P.
Negative
A proposition in which there is disagreement of S and P.
*The quality is expressed by the copula

Examples:
• All good men are just men.
• No lawyer is a liar.
Quantity of the Categorical Proposition

*The determinant of quantity is the extension of the S.

Singular: Nick Joaquin is a national artist

Particular: Some Filipino writers are world famous.
Universal: All short stories are narratives.
 There are six categorical proposition based on
quantity and quality.

Quantity Quality Symbol Example

Singular - Affirmative A Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher
Universal - Affirmative A All philosophers are lovers of wisdom.
Particular - Affirmative I Few Filipinos are reflective people.
Singular - Negative E Rene Descartes was not a medieval thinker.
Universal - Negative E No scholastic is an artist.
Particular - Negative O Not all philosophers are Greek.
Quantity of the Predicate Term

Rules
1. If the predicate term is non-singular and the proposition is affirmative,
the predicate term is regarded as a particular term.
2. If the predicate term is non-singular, and the proposition is negative
the predicate term is regarded as universal.
Exercises: Determine the quantity of the predicate term.

1. The painter of “Parisian Life” is Juan Luna.

2. All painters are artists.
3. Not all rebels are idealists.
Hypothetical Proposition
1. Conditional Proposition
2. Disjunctive Proposition
2.1. strict disjunctive proposition
2.2. broad disjunctive proposition
3. Conjunctive Proposition
3.1. strict conjunctive proposition
3.2. broad conjunctive proposition
Conditional Proposition

It is a hypothetical proposition which expresses a necessary relationship

between an antecedent and a consequent.

Example If a person is a true Christian, then he loves his enemies.

antecedent consequent

Truth Value If the antecedent is true then the consequent is true

Copula: if…then, if may be substituted with Provided that; On condition that; Unless.
Disjunctive Proposition
This is a hypothetical proposition which contains alternatives which are
so related that one of them is true.

Copula: either…or

Example: An organism is either sentient or non-sentient.

Truth Value Alternatives which are contradictories assure the truth

value of a disjunctive proposition.
The disjunctive proposition is regarded as false if all the
alternatives can be false.
*The disjunctive proposition is may be classified as strict if one and
only one of its alternatives can be true.
Example Water is hot or cold.
*It is broad disjunctive proposition if all the alternatives can be true.
Example Pura will either take a stroll in the park or take a
snack.
Exercises

Either a material substance is solid or liquid.

A person either tells the truth or tells a lie.
A man is either a terrorist or a peace lover.
An organism is a man or an animal.
Conjunctive Proposition
The conjunctive proposition is a hypothetical proposition which
expresses that two or more alternatives cannot be simultaneously true.

The copula are cannot be…and…at the same time.

If only one of the alternatives can be true the conjunctive proposition is

true but if all the alternatives can be true, the proposition is false.

Example: A statement cannot be true and false and the same time.
A person cannot be a Filipino and be inhospitable, too.
*Exclusivity of the alternatives makes the conjunctive a strict
proposition.
*If the alternatives can be all false the proposition is broad conjunctive.

Example A friend cannot be both loyal and disloyal.

A being cannot be material and non-material, too.
It cannot be morning and night.
A hypothetical proposition cannot be disjunctive and
conjunctive at the same time.
OPPOSITIONAL INFERENCES
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXkKQ6H_P5E
•THANK YOU….