1

A. BASIC
ARITHMETIC
• Foundation of modern day life.
• Simplest form of mathematics.

Four Basic Operations :

• Addition plus sign
• Subtraction minus sign
• Multiplication
x
• Division
multiplication sign
division sign
Equal or Even Values equal sign
2
1. Beginning
Terminology
•
Numbers - Symbol or word used to express value or quantity.
Arabic number system - 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
• Digits - Name given to place or position of each numeral.

Number Sequence

2. Kinds of numbers
• Whole Numbers - Complete units , no fractional parts. (43)
May be written in form of words. (forty-three)

•
Fraction - Part of a whole unit or quantity. (1/2)

3
2. Kinds of numbers (con’t)
• Decimal Numbers - Fraction written on one line as whole no.
Position of period determines power of decimal.

4
B. WHOLE NUMBERS
1. Addition
• Number Line - Shows numerals in order of value

• Adding on the Number Line (2 + 3 = 5)

• Adding with Pictures

5
1. Addition (con’t)
•
Adding in columns - Uses no equal sign

5 897
+5 + 368
10 1265 Answer is called “sum”.

Simple Complex

Table of Digits

6
 ADDITION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 222 b. 1021
318 c. 611 d.
+ 222 + 1210
+ 421 + 116

2. a. 813 b. 924 c. 618 d. 411

+ 267 + 429 + 861 + 946

3. a. 813 b. 1021 c. 611 d. 1021

222 611 96 1621
+ 318 + 421 + 861 + 6211

7
 ADDITION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 222 b. 1021
318 c. 611 d.
+ 222 + 1210
+ 421 + 116
444 739 727 2231

2. a. 813 b. 924 c. 618 d. 411

+ 267 + 429 + 861 + 946
1080 1 1479 1
3 3
5 5
3. a. 813 b. 1021
3 c. 611 d. 1021
7
222 611 96 1621
+ 318 + 421 + 861 + 6211
1353 2053 1568 8853

8
2.
Subtraction
•
Number Line - Can show subtraction.

Number Line Subtraction with pictures

Position larger numbers above smaller numbers.

If subtracting larger digits from smaller digits, borrow from

next column.
4
513 8
-397
141
9
 SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 6 b. 8 5 d. 9 e. 7
- 3 - 2 - 5 - 3
c.
- 4

2. a. 11 b. 12 c. 28 d. 33 e. 41
-6 - 4 - 9 - 7 - 8

3. a. 27 b. 23 c. 86 d. 99 e. 72
- 19 - 14 - 57 - 33 - 65

10
 SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 6 b. 8 5 d. 9 e. 7
- 3 - 2 - 5 - 3
3 c. 4 4
3 4
- 4

2. a. 11 b. 12 c. 28 d. 33 e. 41
-6 - 4 - 9 - 7 - 8
5 8 19 26 33

3. a. 27 b. 23 c. 86 d. 99 e. 72
- 19 - 14 - 57 - 33 - 65
8 9 29 66 7

11
 SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

4. a. 387 b. 399 c. 847 d. 732

- 241 - 299 - 659 - 687

5. a. 3472 b. 312 c. 419 d. 3268

- 495 - 186 - 210 - 3168

6. a. 47 b. 63 c. 47 d. 59
- 38 - 8 - 32 - 48

7. a. 372 b. 385 c. 219 d. 368

- 192 - 246 - 191 - 29

12
 SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

4. a. 387 b. 399 c. 847 d. 732

- 241 - 299 - 659 - 687
146 100 188 45

5. a. 3472 b. 312 c. 419 d. 3268

- 495 - 186 - 210 - 3168
2977 126 209 100

6. a. 47 b. 63 c. 47 d. 59
- 38 - 8 - 32 - 48
9 55 15 11

7. a. 372 b. 385 c. 219 d. 368

- 192 - 246 - 191 - 29
180 139 28 339

13
3. Multiplication
• In Arithmetic - Indicated by “times” sign (x).

Learn “Times” Table

6 x 8 = 48

14
4. Multiplication (con’t)
• Complex Multiplication - Carry result to next column.

Problem: 48 x 23

+2 +2 +1 +1
48 48 48 48

X 23 X 23 X 23 X
4 144
144 23
6 144
960
Same process is used when multiplying
1104
three or four-digit problems.

15
 MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 21 b.
81 c. 64 d. 36
x 4
x 9 x 5 x 3

2. a. 87 b. c. d.
x7
43 56 99
x 2 x 0 x 6

3. a. 24 b. 53 c. 49 d.
x 13 x 15 x 26
55 x

37
16
 MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 21 b.
81 c. 64 d. 36
x 4
84 x 9 729 x 5 320 x 3 108

2. a. 87 b. c. d.
x7
609 43 86 56 0 99
x 2 x 0 x 6
5
9
3. a. 24 b. 53 c. 49 d. 4
x 13 x 15 x 26
312 795 1274 55 x

37
20
3 17
5
 MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

4. a. 94 b. c. 34 d. 83
x 73 x 32 x 69
99
x
5. a. 347 b. 843 c. 966
27
x 21 x 34 x 46

6. a. 360 b. 884 c. 111

x 37 x 63 x 19

7. a. b. c.

568 x 987 x
493 x 432 654

216 18
 MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

4. a. 94 b. c. 34 d. 83
x 73 x 32 x 69
6862 99 1088 5727
x
5. a. 347 b. 843 c. 966
27
x 21 x 34 x 46
26
2 4
7287 8,7 4,
63 4
6. a. 360 b. 884 6 c. 111
3
x 37 x 63
2 x 19
6
13 5 2
,3 5, 1
6 0
7. a. 20 b. c.
9 9
2
568 x 987 x
493 x 432 654
245,3 645,4
216 76 98 19
106,488
5.
Division
• Finding out how many times a divider “goes into”
a whole number.

15 5=3 15 3=5

20
5. Division (con’t)
• Shown by using a straight bar “ “ or “ “ sign.

105 48 “goes into” 50 one time.

48 5040
48 1 times 48 = 48

240 50 minus 48 = 2 & bring down the 4

240 48 goes into 24 zero times.

Bring down other 0.
0 48 goes into 240, five times

5 times 48 = 240
240 minus 240 = 0 remainder
So, 5040 divided by 48 = 105 w/no remainder.
Or it can be stated:
48 “goes into” 5040, “105 times”

21
 DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 48 5040 b. 7 434 c. 9 828

____
2. a. 9 117 b. 12 3720 c. 10 1010

___ ___
3. a. 23 5888 b. 56 38472

__
4. a. 98 9604 b. 13 871

5. __ b. ____
a. 50 2500 789 97047

22
 DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES
211 62 92

1. a. 48 5040 b. 7 434 c. 9 828

13 310 101
2. a. 9 117 b. 12 3720 c. 10 1010

256
687
3. a. 23 5888 b. 56 38472

98 67
4. a. 98 9604 b. 13 871
5. 50 b. 123
a. 50 2500 789 97047

23
 DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

_____
6. a. 21 147 b. 3
27000

_____

7. a. 32 1952 b. 88 8888

___ ____
8. a. 87 5848 b. 15 12883

__ ___
9. a. 994 12883 b. 352 8073

24
 DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

7 9000
6. a. 21 147 b. 3
27000

61 101

7. a. 32 1952 b. 88 8888

67 r 19 858 r
13
8. a. 87 5848 b. 15 12883

12 r 955 22
9. a. 994 12883 b. r 329
352 8073

25
C. FRACTIONS - A smaller part of a whole number.
Written with one number over the other, divided by a line.
3 11 or 3 11
8 16 8 16
Any number smaller than 1, must be a fraction.

Try thinking of the fraction as “so many of a specified number of parts”.

For example: Think of 3/8 as “three of eight parts” or...

Think of 11/16 as “eleven of sixteen parts”.

1. Changing whole numbers to fractions.

Multiply the whole number times the number of parts being
considered.

Changing the whole number 4 to “sixths”:

24
4 = 4 x 6 = 24 or
6 6 6
26
CHANGING WHOLE NUMBERS TO FRACTIONS EXERCISES

1. 49 to = 49 x 7 343 or 343
=
sevenths 7 7 7

= 40 x 8 320 or 320
2. 40 to eighths =
8 8 8

3. 54 to ninths = 54 x 9 486 or 486

=
9 9 9

4. 27 to thirds = 27 x 3 81 or 81
=
3 3 3

= 12 x 4 48 or 48
5. 12 to fourths =
4 4 4

6. 130 to fifths = 130 x 5 = 650 or 650

5 5
5

27
2. Proper and improper fractions.
Proper Fraction - Numerator is smaller number than denominator.
3/4
Improper Fraction - Numerator is greater than or equal to
denominator.
15/9

3. Mixed numbers.
Combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.

4. Changing mixed numbers to fractions.

Change 3 7/8 into an improper fraction.
• Change whole number (3) to24match fraction
24(eighths).
3 = 3x8 = or 8
8 8
• Add both fractions together.
24 + 7 = 31
8 8
8
28
CHANGING MIXED NUMBERS TO FRACTIONS EXERCISES

1. 4 1/2 = 4x2 =
8
+ 1 = 9
2 2 2 2

24 3 = 27
2. 8 = 8x4
4
=
4 + 4 4
3/4
304 7 = 311
3. 19 7/16 = 19 x 16 = 16 + 16 16
16
7 x 12 = 84 11 = 95
4. 7 11/12 = 12 12 + 12 12

6 x 14 = 84 9 = 93
14 14 + 14 14
5. 6 9/14
=
5 x 64 = 320 1 = 321
= 64 64 + 64 64

6. 5 1/64

29
 5. Changing improper fractions to
whole/mixed numbers.
Change 19/3 into whole/mixed number..
19/3 = 19 3 = 6, remainder 1 = 6 1/3 (a mixed
number)

CHANGING IMPROPER FRACTIONS TO WHOLE/MIXED NUMBERS EXERCISES

1. 37/7 = = 37 7 = 5, remainder 2 = 5 2/7 (a mixed number)

2. 44/4 = = 44 4 = 11, no remainder = 11 (a whole number)

3. 23/5 = = 23 5 = 4, remainder 3 = 4 3/5 (a mixed number)

4. 43/9 = = 43 9 = 4, remainder 7 = 4 7/9 (a mixed number)

5. 240/8 = 240 8 = 30, no remainder = 30 (a whole number)

=
= 191 6 = 31, remainder 5 = 31 5/6 (a mixed number)
6. 191/6
=

30
6. Reducing Fractions
Reducing - Changing to different terms.
Terms - The name for numerator and denominator of a fraction.
Reducing does not change value of original fraction.

7. Reducing to Lower Terms

Divide both numerator and denominator by same number.
Example: 3 = 3
9 3 . 3= 1 9 & 1 3 Have same value.
9 . 3=
8. Reducing to Lowest
3 Terms
Lowest Terms - 1 is only number which evenly divides both numerator
and denominator.

Example: 16 =
32

a. 16 . 2 = 8 b. 8 . 2= 4 c. 4 . 2= 2 d. 2 . 2 = 1

32 . 2 = 16 . 2 = 8 8 . 2= 4 4 . 2= 2
16 31
 REDUCING TO LOWER/LOWEST TERMS EXERCISES

1. Reduce the following fractions to LOWER terms:

15 . 5 =
15
3
a. 20 to 4ths = 20 . (20)
• Divide the original denominator 5 =by the desired denominator (4) = 5..
• Then divide both parts of original fraction by that number (5).
4
36 36 . 4 = 9
b. 40 to 10ths = 40 . 4 = 10

24 . 6 = 4
c. 24 36 36 . 6 =
to 6ths = 6

12 . 4 = 3
d. 12 36 to 9ths = 36 . 4 = 9

30 . 3 = 10
e. 30 45 45 . 3 =
to 15ths = 15

16 . 4 = 4
f. 16 76 to 19ths = 76 . 4 = 19

32
 REDUCING TO LOWER/LOWEST TERMS EXERCISES (con’t)

2. Reduce the following fractions to LOWEST terms:

a. 6 =
10

b. 3 =
9

c. 6 =
64

d. 13 =
32

e. 32 48 =

f. 16 =
76

33
 REDUCING TO LOWER/LOWEST TERMS EXERCISES (con’t)

2. Reduce the following fractions to LOWEST terms:

a. 6 = a. 6 . 2=
10
3
10 . 2 = 5
b. 3 = a. 3 . 3=
9
1
9 . 3=
6 = a. 3 . 2= 3
6
c. 64 64 . 2 =
32

d. 13 = Cannot be reduced.
32

e. 32 48 = a. 32 . 2 =
64 . 2 =
16 b. 16 . 2 = 8
32 . 2 = 16
c. 8 . 8=
1
32 16 . 8 =
2
f. 16 = a. 16 . 2 = 8 b. 8 . 2= 4
76 76 . 2 =
38 38 . 2 =
19

34
9. Common Denominator
Two or more fractions with the same denominator.
1 2 6 7
8 8 8 8
When denominators are not the same, a common denominator is
found by multiplying each denominator together.
1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
6 x 8 x 9 x 12 x 18 x 24 x 36 = 80,621,568

80,621,568 is only one possible common denominator ...

but certainly not the best, or easiest to work with.

10. Least Common Denominator (LCD)

Smallest number into which denominators of a group of two or
more fractions will divide evenly.

35
10. Least Common Denominator (LCD) con’t.
To find the LCD, find the “lowest prime factors” of each denominator.

1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
2x3 2x2x2 3x3 2x3x2 2x3x3 3x2x2x2 2x2x3x3

The most number of times any single factors appears in a set is

multiplied by the most number of time any other factor appears.
(2 x 2 x 2) x (3 x 3) = 72

Remember: If a denominator is a “prime number”, it can’t be

factored except by itself and 1.
LCD Exercises (Find the LCD’s)
1 1 1 1 1 3 4 7
1
6 8 12 12 16 24 10 15 20

2x3 2x2x2 2x3x 2 x 2 x3 2x2x2x2 3x2x2x2 2x5 3x5 2x2 x5

2
2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60

36
11. Reducing to LCD
Reducing to LCD can only be done after the LCD itself is known.

1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
2x3 2x2x2 3x3 2x3x2 2x3x3 3x2x2x2 2x2x3x3

LCD = 72
Divide the LCD by each of the other denominators, then multiply both
the numerator and denominator of the fraction by that result.

1 3
6 2 5
8 9 12
72 . 6 = 12 72 . 8 = 9 72 . 9 = 8 72 . 12 = 6
1 x 12 = 12 3 x 9 = 27 2 x 8 = 16 5 x6= 30
6 x 12 = 72 8 x 9 = 72 9 x 8 = 72 12 x 6 = 72

Remaining fractions are handled in same way.

37
 Reducing to LCD Exercises
Reduce each set of fractions to their LCD.

1 1 1 1 1 3 4 7
1
6 8 12 12 16 24 10 15 20

2x3 2x2x2 2x3x2 2 x 2 x3 2x2x2x2 3x2x2x2 2x5 3x5 2x2 x5

2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60

24 . 6 = 4 48 . 12 = 4 60 . 10 = 6
1 1 3

6 1x4= 4 10 3 x 6 = 18
12 1 x4= 4
6 x 4 = 24 10 x 6 = 60
12 x 4 = 48

60 . 15 = 4
24 . 8 = 3 48 . 16 = 3 4
1 1 15 4 x 4 = 16
1x3= 3 15 x 4 = 60
8 16 1 x3= 3
8 x 3 = 24 16 x 3 = 48
24 . 12 = 2 48 . 24 = 2 .
1 1 60 . 20 = 3
7
12 1x2= 2 24 1 x2= 2 20 7 x 3 = 21
12 x 2 = 24 24 x 2 = 48 20 x 3 = 60

38
12. Addition of Fractions
All fractions must have same denominator.
Determine common denominator according to previous process.
Then add fractions.
1 2
4 + 4 + 3
4
= 6
4 = 1
12

Always reduce to lowest terms.

13. Addition of Mixed Numbers

Mixed number consists of a whole number and a fraction. (3
• )Whole numbers are added together first.
1/3
• Then determine LCD for fractions.
• Reduce fractions to their LCD.
• Add numerators together and reduce answer to lowest terms.
• Add sum of fractions to the sum of whole numbers.

39
 Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Add the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing answers to lowest terms.
3
=
1. + 4
2. 2
5 + 7
10
=

9 15
3.
32 + 16 = 4.
5
2 5
+1 3 4 =

40
 Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Add the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing answers to lowest terms.
3
3 =
1.
4 + 4
2. 2
5 + 7
10
=
6
= 1 1
4 7 11
4 2
10
+ 10
= 10
1
=1
10

9 15
3.
32 + 16 = 4.
5
2 5
+1 3 4 =
9 30 5+1=6
32 +
39
32 = 32
8 15 23

20
+ 20
= 20
7 32
=1 3 3
20
=1 20 +6 =7

41
14. Subtraction of Fractions
Similar to adding, in that a common denominator must be found first.
Then subtract one numerator from the other.
20 14 6
24
- 24
= 24
1
To subtract fractions with different denominators: (
5
16
- 4
)
• Find the LCD...

5 1
16
- 4
2x2x2x2 2x2
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16
• Change the fractions to the LCD...
5 4
-
16 16

• Subtract the numerators...

1
5 4 =
- 16
16
16

42
15. Subtraction of Mixed Numbers
• Subtract the fractions first. (Determine LCD)
10 2 -41
3 2
3 x 2 = 6 (LCD)
• Divide the LCD by denominator of each fraction.
6 . 3=2 6 . 2=3
• Multiply numerator and denominator by their respective numbers.
2 2 = 4 1 3 = 3
3 x 2 x
2 3
• Subtract6the fractions. 6
4 3 =1
6 - 6

• Subtract6the whole numbers.

10 - 4 = 6
• Add whole number and fraction together to form complete answer.
6 + 16 = 6 1 6

43
15. Subtraction of Mixed Numbers (con’t)
Borrowing
• Subtract
1 the3fractions first. (Determine LCD)
5 - 1 6
5 -
16
becomes 16 3

• 3 16
16
1 unit ( 16
) is borrowed from the 5 units, leaving 4.
8
• Add to
16 = 16
(LCD) 1 and problem becomes:
16 16 17
Six-sixteenths 4 - 6

cannot be 16 3
• Subtract the fractions.
subtracted
17 - 6
from one- = 11 16
16 16
sixteenth,
16 so
• Subtract the whole numbers.
4-3=1
• Add whole number and fraction together to form complete answer.
1116
1 + = 1 1116
44
 Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Subtract the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing answers to lowest
terms.
1
1. 2 - =
4. 33
1 2
=
5 3 3 5
- 15

5 15
2. = 5. 101 1
4 57 16 =
8
- 3 12
-

2
3. 47 = 3 5
5 1 3 6. 14
- 28 4
- 10 12 =

45
 Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Subtract the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing answers to lowest
terms.
1
1. 2 - =
4. 33
1 2
=
5 3 3 5
5
- 15 6
6
5 33 =
15 - 15 = 1 15 15
- 15 15
20 6
32 15 15 = 1714 15
- 15
5 15
2. = 5. 101 1
4 57 16 =
8
- 3 12 15
15
24 = 9
3 - 101
4
16 16
=
2
24 = 8 - 57
4 - 6
100
20 16 - 57 1516 =43 5 16
2
3. 47 = 3 5
5 1 3 6. 14
6
- 28 5
4
- 10 12 =
47 15 - 28 15 = 19 115 14
9
12
5
12 = 4 4
12 = 4
1
3
- 10

46
16. MULTIPLYING
• Common denominator not required for multiplication.
FRACTIONS 3 4
4 X 16

1. First, multiply the numerators.

3 4 12
X
4 16 = =

2. Then, multiply the denominators.

3 4 12
4 X 16 = 64
=

3. Reduce answer to its lowest terms.

12
64 . 4
4 = 3
16

47
17. Multiplying Fractions & Whole/Mixed Numbers
• Change to an improper fraction before multiplication.
3
4
X 4
1. First, the whole number (4) is changed to improper fraction.
4
1

2. Then, multiply the numerators and

denominators.
3 4 12
4 X 1 = 4

3. Reduce answer to its lowest terms.

12 4 3
4 =
. 4 1 =3

48
18. Cancellation
• Makes multiplying fractions easier.
•If numerator of one of fractions and denominator of other
fraction can be evenly divided by the same number, they can be
reduced, or cancelled.
Example:

8 3 X 516 = 18 5 =
3 X 162

13 X 5 = 5
2 6

Cancellation can be done on both parts of a fraction.

1 1
12 1
=
21 X 3 1
7 X 12
= 14
24
7
2
49
Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Multiply the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers.
Reduce to lowest terms.
2. =
1. 34 X 416 = 26 X 126

3. 4 = 4.
5 X 3 95 X 2 =
3

6. 9
5. 35 4 X 435 = 10 X 35 =

7. 1 6 = 5
X 712 8. 2
3 X 11 =

9. 5 7715 =
X

50
Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Multiply the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers.
Reduce to lowest terms.

1. 34 X 416 = 316 2.
26 X 126
= 1

3. 4 4.
5 X 3 = 2 25 95 X 2 = 1 15
3

1 6. 9
5. 35 4 X 435 = 27
10 X 35 = 50

7. 1 6 = 7 5 10
7
X 12 8. 2
72 33
3 X 11 =

9. 5 7715 = 25 23
X

51
19. Division of Fractions
• Actually done by multiplication, by inverting divisors.
• The sign “ “ means “divided by” and the fraction to
the right of the sign is always the divisor.
Example:
3 1 5 3
4 becomes 3 15 3
5 4
4X 1 = 4 =
20. Division of Fractions and Whole/Mixed Numbers
• Whole and mixed numbers must be changed to improper fractions.
Example:
3 X8 + 1
3 316 2 18 becomes 16 X 3 + 16 =
51
16 and
2
8 =
17
8
3 1
51 17 51 8 51 8
Inverts to = X
16 8
16
X 17 16 17
1
= 32 X 11
2
3 1
2X Double
1 = 32 = 1 12 Cancellation
52
Dividing Fractions,Whole/Mixed Numbers Exercises
Divide the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers. Reduce
to lowest terms.
1. 5 3 51 3
= 2. =
8 6 16 8

1 = 7
3. 18 8 4. 15 12 =

14 7 =
5.
3 4

53
Dividing Fractions,Whole/Mixed Numbers Exercises
Divide the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers. Reduce
to lowest terms.
1. 5 3 1 51 3
2.
8 6
=1
4 16 8 = 8 12

1 7
3. 18 8 = 144 4. 15 12 = 25 57

14 7 = 22
5.
3 4 3

54
D. DECIMAL NUMBERS
1. Decimal System
• System of numbers based on ten (10).
• Decimal fraction has a denominator of 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Written on one line as a whole number, with a period (decimal point) in

fron t. 5 5
5 = 1000 = .005
.5 100 = .05
10

3 digits

.999 is the same as 999

1000
(1+ same number of zeros

as digits in numerator)

55
 2. Reading and Writing Decimals

5 710 is written 5.7

Whole Number Decimal Fraction (Tenths)

7
55 is 55.07
written
100
Decimal Fraction (Hundredths)
Whole Number Decimal Fraction (Tenths)

77
555 1000 is written 555.077
Whole Number
Decimal Fraction (Thousandths)
Decimal Fraction (Hundredths)
Decimal Fraction (Tenths)

56
2. Reading and Writing Decimals (con’t)
• Decimals are read to the right of the decimal point.

.63 is read as “sixty-three hundredths.”

.136 is read as “one hundred thirty-six thousandths.”

.5625 is read as “five thousand six hundred twenty-five

ten-thousandths.”

5. is read “three and five tenths.”

• Whole numbers and decimals are abbreviated.

6.625 is spoken as “six, point six two five.”

One place .0 tenths

Two places .00 hundredths
Three places .000 thousandths
Four places .0000 ten-thousandths
Five places .00000 hundred-thousandths

57
3. Addition of Decimals

•Addition of decimals is same as addition of whole

numbers except for the location of the decimal point.
Add .865 + 1.3 + 375.006 + 71.1357 + 735
• Align numbers so all decimal points are in a vertical column.
• Add each column same as regular addition of whole numbers.
• Place decimal point in same column as it appears with each
number.

.8650
1.3000 “Add zeros to help eliminate errors.”
375.0060
71.1357
+ 735.0000 “Then, add each column.”
1183.3067

58
4. Subtraction of Decimals

• Subtraction of decimals is same as subtraction of whole

numbers except for the location of the decimal point.
Solve: 62.1251 - 24.102

• Write the numbers so the decimal points are under each other.
• Subtract each column same as regular subtraction of whole numbers.
• Place decimal point in same column as it appears with each number.

62.1251
“Add zeros to help eliminate errors.”
- 24.1020
38.0231
“Then, subtract each column.”

59
5. Multiplication of Decimals

Rules For Multiplying Decimals

• Multiply the same as whole numbers.
• Count the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal
point in both numbers.
• Position the decimal point in the answer by starting at the
extreme right digit and counting as many places to the left as
there are in the total number of decimal places found in both
numbers.
Solve: 38.639 X 2.08
Decimal point 3 places over.
3 8 .6 3 9
x 2.0 8 Decimal point 2 places over.

306 952
7 7 2 7 8 0 0 “Add zeros to help eliminate errors.”
8 0.3 4 7 5 “Then, add the numbers.”
2

Place decimal point 5 places over from right.

60
 6. Division of Decimals
Rules For Dividing Decimals

• Place number to be divided (dividend) inside the division box.

• Place divisor outside.
• Move decimal point in divisor to extreme right. (Becomes whole number)
• Move decimal point same number of places in dividend. (NOTE: zeros
are added in dividend if it has fewer digits than divisor).
• Mark position of decimal point in answer (quotient) directly above decimal
point in dividend.
• Divide as whole numbers - place each figure in quotient directly above
digit involved in dividend.
• Add zeros after the decimal point in the dividend if it cannot be divided
evenly by the divisor.
• Continue division until quotient has as many places as required for the
answer.

Solve: 123.573 137.4

61
6. Division of Decimals

.8 993
137. 4. 1 2 3 . 5. 7 3 0 0
109 92
13
653
1 21 2 8 7 0
3 61 62 3 6 6
5040
4122
918 remainder

62
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
“WORK ALL 4 SECTIONS (+,

, X,
a. .6 + 1.3 + 2.8 =
)
1. b.
Add 72.8 + 164.02 + decimals.
the following 174.01 =
c. 185.7 + 83.02 + 9.013 =
d. 0.93006 + 0.00850 + 3315.06 + 2.0875 =

2. Subtract the following decimals.

a. 2.0666 - 1.3981 =
b. 18.16 - 9.104 =
c. 1.0224 - .9428 =

g. 1347.008 - 108.134 =
d. 1.22 - 1.01 =
h. 111.010 - 12.163 =
e. 0.6 - .124 =
i. 64.7 - 24.0 =
f. 18.4 - 18.1 =
63
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
“WORK ALL 4 SECTIONS (+,

, X,
a. .6 + 1.3 + 2.8 = 4.7
)
1. Add the following decimals.
b. 72.8 + 164.02 + 174.01 = 410.83

c. 185.7 + 83.02 + 9.013 = 277.733

2. Subtract the following decimals.

d. 0.93006 + 0.00850 + 3315.06 + 2.0875 = 3318.08606
a. 2.0666 - 1.3981 = 0.6685

b. 18.16 - 9.104 = 9.056

c. 1.0224 - .9428 = 0.0796

g. 1347.008 - 108.134 = 1238.874
d. 1.22 - 1.01 = 0.21

111.010 - 12.163 = 98.847

0.6 - .124 = 0.467
h.
e. 0.3
f. 18.4 - 18.1 =
i. 64.7 - 24.0 = 40.7 64
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
3. Multiply the following decimals.
a. 3.01 b. c.
x 6.20
21.3 x 1.6
x 1.6
d. f.
1.2
x 1.2
83.061 44.02 x
x
e. 1.64
g. h. i. 6.01
2.4
63.12 x 183.1 68.14 x
x

1.12 23.6
.23

65
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
3. Multiply the following decimals.
a. 3.01 b. c.
x 6.20
18.662 21.3 x 1.6 2.56
x 1.6
d. f.
1.2
x 1.2
25.
83.061 1.968 44.02 x
5
x
6
g. h. i. 6.01
2.4 e. 1.64 264.56
63.12
199.34x 183.1 68.14
02 x
64 x

1.12 23.6
70.694 .23 1608.1
4 42.1 04
13 66
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
4. Divide the following decimals.

_____
a. 1.4 4 2.7 0 _____
b. .8
4.6 3000

____ _______
c. 1.2 6 2 0.4 d. 6 6.6 7 8 6

____
e. 1.1 110.0

67
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
4. Divide the following decimals.

3 0.5
a. 1.4 4 2.7 0 5.7875
b. .8
4.6 3000

517 1.1 1 3 1
c. 1.2 6 2 0.4 d. 6 6.6 7 8 6

10 0
e. 1.1 110.0

68
E. CHANGING FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS
A fraction can be changed to a decimal by dividing the
numerator by the denominator.
3 .75
Change 4 to a decimal. 4 3.0
Decimal Number Practice Exercises
Write the following fractions and mixed numbers as
decimals.
a. 610 b. 35 c. 45 d. 15 e. 12

8
f. i. 7
20 g. 720 h. 15 20 25 j. 12 25

k. 1720 l. 49 15 25
50 m. 1 9 10 n. 1 1 25 o. 6

69
E. CHANGING FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS
A fraction can be changed to a decimal by dividing the
numerator by the denominator.
3 .75
Change 4 to a decimal. 4 3.0
Decimal Number Practice Exercises
Write the following fractions and mixed numbers as
decimals.
a. 610 b. 35 c. 45 d. 15 e. 12
.6 .6 .8 .2 .5

8
f. i. 7
20 g. 720 h. 15 20 25 j. 12 25
.4 .75 .28 .48
.35

k. 1720 l. 49 15
50 m. 1 9 10 n. 1 1 25 o. 6 25
.85 .98 1.9 1.04 6.6

70
F. PERCENTAGES
1. Percents
• Used to show how many parts of a total are taken out.
• Short way of saying “by the hundred or hundredths part of the whole”.
• The symbol % is used to indicate percent.
• Often displayed as diagrams.
4/4 = 100%
100 Equal Squares = 100%

1/4 1/4
or
1/4 1/4

25% or 25/100
25/100 = 25%

To change a decimal to a %, move decimal point two places to

right and write percent sign.
.15 = 15% “Zeros may be needed to hold place”.
.55 = 55%
.8 = 80%
.853 = 85.3%
1.02 = 102%

71
Percents Practice Exercises
Write as a decimal.

1. 35% =
2. 14% =

3. 58.5% =

4. 17.45% =
5. 5% =
Write as a percent.

6. .75 = %

7. 0.40 = %

8. 0.4 = %

9. .4 = %

72
Percents Practice Exercises
Write as a decimal.

1. 35% = .35
2. 14% = .14

3. 58.5% = .585

4. 17.45% = .1745
5. 5% = .05
Write as a percent.

6. .75 = 75 %
7. 0.40 = 40 %
8. 0.4 = 40 %

9. .4 = 40 %

73
 Rules For Any Equivalent
To convert a number to its decimal equivalent, multiply by 0.01
Change 6 1/4% to its decimal equivalent.
• Change the mixed number to an improper fraction, then divide the
numerator by the denominator.
6 1/4 = 25/4 = 6.25
• Now multiply the answer (6.25) times 0.01
6 .25 x 0.01 = 0.0625

Rules For Finding Any Percent of Any Number

• Convert the percent into its decimal equivalent.
• Multiply the given number by this equivalent.
• Point off the same number of spaces in answer as in both numbers multiplied.
• Label answer with appropriate unit measure if applicable.
Find 16% of 1028 square inches.

16 x .01 = .16
1028 x 0.16 = 164.48
Label answer: 164.48 square inches

74
THANK YOU!