AUTOMOBILE SAFETY

INTRODUCTION
• Automobile Industry is undergoing a BIG
TRANSFORMATION never seen before.

• Today CAR’s are not only used for personal Transport

but they are ENCOMPASSED with
• Entertainment that vies with the fidelity of your
HOME THEATRE
• Seating arrangement more comfortable than your
RECLINER
• SAFETY FEATURES making your car safer
than a TANK
Globally car companies Spend nearly $36
billon annually for influencing new
TECHNOLOGIES into their cars.

Some of the big advancement in Automotive

Industry in last 10 years have come in an area
of SAFETY.
•In addition to Telematics based Services like
• Digital Satellite Radio
• In car E-mail
• GPS systems
• Recent Advancement in Braking Technology have led to
• Shorter stopping distance
• Increased Control in PANIC situation
• More control on CURVED turns
 Types of Safety Devices

Active Safety Passive Safety

 Active Safety
•Active Safety Systems as the term suggests play a preventive role
in mitigating crashes and accidents by providing advance warning
or by providing the driver with additional assistance in
steering/controlling the vehicle. Head-Up Display (HUD), Anti-
Lock Braking Systems (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC),
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), Lane Departure
Warning System (LDWS), Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Driver
Monitoring System (DMS), Blind Spot Detection (BSD) and
Night Vision System (NVS) are common Active Safety Systems.
 Passive Safety

•Passive Safety Systems play a role in limiting/containing the

damage/injuries caused to driver, passengers and pedestrians in
the event of a crash/accident. Airbags, Seatbelts, Whiplash
Protection System etc. are common Passive Safety Systems
deployed in vehicles these days.
Active safety systems:
Active safety systems:
Passive safety systems:
Passive safety systems:
 Air Bags

Airbags - whose placement can range from only in the dashboard,

to the knee well, the door pillar. Curtain airbags (an airbag that
inflates and covers the side windows) can help reduce injuries in
rollover and side impact crashes if they stay inflated for a slightly
longer time than normal.

•What’s the main function of the System?

•Material of Airbags?
•History
Airbag Before Collision Airbag After Collision

Actual Working
 Inflation Unit

•How does it INFLATES?

 Effectiveness
This system has proven its effectiveness
• In frontal crashes reduction in driver’s death reduced by nearly 14%
• Passenger side airbags reducing death by nearly 11%
• NHTSA estimated reduction in risk by nearly 85% with the combination
of seat belt and airbags compared than only seatbelt i.e60%
Car Model Head Injury Risk

Airbag No Airbag

Holden Commodore 28 48

Toyota Camry 20 44

Mitsubishi Magna 6 27

Ford Falcon 14 N. A.

This are some crash results which give the effectiveness of the system
 Different types of Airbags

•DRIVERS SIDE AIRBAG

PASSENGER AIR BAG

Curtain Airbags
 Anti-lock Braking System

• Introduction?
•Advancement in the system?
•Working?

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

Advancement in the system?
How Does the system Works?
 Conventional Braking

• Whole process is controlled by driver

applied break paddle pressure;
Working
ABS Braking

• Electric Sensors monitor the wheel speed

• ABS microprocessor Compares the wheel
speed
• Control valve is energized.
 Effectiveness

•ABS on a test track

•Advantages:
• Achieves the Shortest Stopping distance
• Better chance on Steering around obstacle
• Reduced risk of skidding
•Disadvantages:
• Precautions should be taken while driving
• Proved less effective on gravel road or road
compacted by snow
 NEXT GENERATION ABS USES ABS AS A BUILDING
BLOCK.

Traction
Control

CAN BE IS A COMBINATION OF
ABS & ENGINE CONTROL
 Retard or Suppress the spark to one or
more cylinders
Mainly the
Retard fuel supply to one or main
system has cylinder
to control
some or all Break one or more wheel
conditions
Close the throttle, if the vehicle is fitted
by wire throttle
Electronic Stability Control
Main components of the system

Active wheel speed sensors;

Steering angle sensor;

Yaw rate sensor

Attached electronic control unit (ECU)

Motor;

Pressure sensor,

Hydraulic unit.
Steering Angle Sensor

• Understeering (“plowing out”)

•Oversteering (“spinning out”)
Some important ECS
definitions
• ESC augments vehicle
directional stability by
applying and adjusting the
vehicle brakes individually to
induce correcting yaw torques
to the vehicle.

• ESC is a computer-controlled
system, which uses a close-loop
algorithm to limit under steer
and over steer of the vehicle
when appropriate
 Case Study

•A S-Class
Mercedes
sedan testing
Bosch's ESP
system
 Thanks to All
Next Session we will discuss more about
Seat Belts, Airbags, NVS & Radio Ranging