Unit- 1:

Illumination
Design
– Lighting is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic
or practical effect

– Lighting includes use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and
natural illumination of interiors from daylight

– Artificial lighting represents a major component of energy consumption,

accounting for a significant part of all energy consumed worldwide

– Artificial lighting is most commonly provided today by electric lights

– The objective of lighting is clearly to provide lighting to the quantity

and quality standards required, with the minimum usage of electrical
energy

– Poor lighting results in: eye strain, headache, accidents due to

insufficient lighting or to glare Good lighting addresses aesthetic and
decorative aspects

– Its unit is Lambert

– Uniform diffuse source: a uniform diffuse
source is one in which the intensity per unit
projected area is the same for all directions of
view
– Illumination: of a surface: the luminous flux
received by the surface per unit area Luminous
Efficacy : luminous efficacy expresses the
relative effectiveness of the given radiant power
in yielding luminous flux
– That is, it expresses the effectiveness of one
watt of radiant power in producing luminous
flux
2. Uniformity of
illumination
– It has been found that visual performance is best
if the range of brightness within the field of
vision is not greater than 3 : 1 which can be
achieved by employing general lighting in
addition to localized lighting
– Otherwise due to frequent accommodation of
the pupil or iris of the eye, fatigue is caused and
it creates the psychological feeling of
loneliness, gloom and unfriendliness
– In lighting installation formation of long and
hard shadows causes fatigue and is undesirable
5. Glare
– Glare is generally produced by very sources of light, which emit
light directly or at very low angle towards the viewer
– This causes the person to neglect the other surrounding objects,
as they appear darker and is a major cause of road accidents
– The glare is also caused by highly polished surfaces when the
angles are incorrect
– In other words glare may be defined as the brightness within the
field of vision of such character as to cause annoyance,
discomfort, interference with the vision or eye fatigue
– For the sake of convenience, the lighting systems employed in
interiors can be divided into those having mostly functional
purpose - PRIMARY SYSTEMS - and those that takeover where
the functional lighting leaves off - SECONDARY SYSTEMS
5. Glare
– General lighting: - general lighting provides the
required horizontal illuminance over the total
area with a certain degree of uniformity
– Disadvantage: Provision must generally be
made for repositioning the luminaires as room
layouts change
– Local lighting and general lighting: - local
lighting is seldom desirable by itself
– To meet the requirements pertaining to
luminance differences in the task area, the local
lighting should be used in conjunction with
general lighting, that is, at least 20% of the local
lighting level
Room index
– The room index allows for the effect of length, breadth,
and height of a rectangular room
– The room index is related to room ratio which can be
calculated from the following equations: hs is equal to
the distance between the light fitting and the working
plane in the case of direct, semi-direct, and general
diffuse lighting, and hc equal to the distance between
the ceiling and the working plane, in the case of indirect
and semi-indirect lighting
– The efficiency of a lighting installation is affected
adversely by the deterioration of lamps, and soiling of
fittings, lamps, ceilings, and walls
Room index
– Lighting calculation I) Lumen method of calculation  Loss
through accumulated dirt on luminaires  Loss of reflected light
through accumulation of dirt on walls and Lamps per luminaire
Spacing of lights The distribution of light sources in a room has
an important bearing on the quality of lighting
– Point-by-point method of calculation Contrasted with the lumen
method of calculation, which is based on the average light flux
effective throughout an area, the point-by-point method of
calculation is based on the actual amount of light which will be
produced at specific points in the area
– This requires the knowledge of the way in which light is
distributed from sources of various shapes and sizes
Environmental
requirements
–  In very low ambient temperatures care should be
taken to avoid problems with lamp starting and light
output
– The luminairs should be concentrated relatively low
above the work areas so as to provide the higher
illuminances at these points whilst providing at the
same time an adequate level of lighting in the gangways
where orientation is required
– Local lighting: it is designed to illuminate an area
occupied by the visual task, and its immediate
surroundings
– It is also employed to increase the illuminance at work
positions, that due to the presence of obstructions are
not sufficiently well lighted by the general lighting
1.6 Exterior
lighting
– The three broad lighting design objectives of visual
performance, visual comfort and pleasantness, and
energy and cost effectiveness cited for interior lighting
apply also to exterior lighting
– However, whereas with interior lighting it was possible
to translate 13 these objectives into a number of
lighting parameters, or criteria, that could be applied in
all sorts of indoor situations, this is not so easily done
with exterior lighting
– Here, each area of application, from road lighting
through to the floodlighting of buildings and areas, has
its own more or less unique set of lighting criteria